본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Status and Future Directions

1

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

Autoimmune hepatitis is characterized by autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, and interface hepatitis on histological examination. The features lack diagnostic specificity, and other diseases that may resemble autoimmune hepatitis must be excluded. The clinical presentation may be acute, acute severe (fulminant), or asymptomatic; conventional autoantibodies may be absent; centrilobular necrosis and bile duct changes may be present; and the disease may occur after liver transplantation or with features that suggest overlapping disorders. The diagnostic criteria have been codified, and diagnostic scoring systems can support clinical judgment. Nonstandard autoantibodies, including antibodies to actin, α-actinin, soluble liver antigen, perinuclear antineutrophil antigen, asialoglycoprotein receptor, and liver cytosol type 1, are tools that can support the diagnosis, especially in patients with atypical features. Prednisone or prednisolone in combination with azathioprine is the preferred treatment, and strategies using these medications in various doses can ameliorate treatment failure, incomplete response, drug intolerance, and relapse after drug withdrawal. Budesonide, mycophenolate mofetil, and calcineurin inhibitors can be considered in selected patients as frontline or salvage therapies. Molecular (recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies), cellular (adoptive transfer and antigenic manipulation), and pharmacological (antioxidants, antifibrotics, and antiapoptotic agents) interventions constitute future directions in management. The evolving knowledge of the pathogenic pathways and the advances in technology promise new management algorithms.

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis is characterized by autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, and interface hepatitis on histological examination. The features lack diagnostic specificity, and other diseases that may resemble autoimmune hepatitis must be excluded. The clinical presentation may be acute, acute severe (fulminant), or asymptomatic; conventional autoantibodies may be absent; centrilobular necrosis and bile duct changes may be present; and the disease may occur after liver transplantation or with features that suggest overlapping disorders. The diagnostic criteria have been codified, and diagnostic scoring systems can support clinical judgment. Nonstandard autoantibodies, including antibodies to actin, α-actinin, soluble liver antigen, perinuclear antineutrophil antigen, asialoglycoprotein receptor, and liver cytosol type 1, are tools that can support the diagnosis, especially in patients with atypical features. Prednisone or prednisolone in combination with azathioprine is the preferred treatment, and strategies using these medications in various doses can ameliorate treatment failure, incomplete response, drug intolerance, and relapse after drug withdrawal. Budesonide, mycophenolate mofetil, and calcineurin inhibitors can be considered in selected patients as frontline or salvage therapies. Molecular (recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies), cellular (adoptive transfer and antigenic manipulation), and pharmacological (antioxidants, antifibrotics, and antiapoptotic agents) interventions constitute future directions in management. The evolving knowledge of the pathogenic pathways and the advances in technology promise new management algorithms.

참고문헌 (349)

  1. Czaja AJ, "Diverse manifestations and evolving treatments of autoimmune hepatitis", Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 51, pp.313~333 (2005)
  2. Czaja AJ, "Special clinical challenges in autoimmune hepatitis:the elderly, males, pregnancy, mild disease, fulminant onset, and nonwhite patients", Semin Liver Dis, 29, pp.315~330 (2009)
  3. Czaja AJ, "Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment", World J Gastroenterol, 15, pp.2314~2328 (2009)
  4. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis in special patient populations", Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 25, pp.689~700 (2011)
  5. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis in diverse ethnic populations and geographical regions", Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, pp.365~385 (2013)
  6. Cowling DC, "Lupoid hepatitis", Lancet, 271, pp.1323~1326 (1956)
  7. Read AE, "Active ‘juvenile’ cirrhosis considered as part of a systemic disease and the effect of corticosteroid therapy", Gut, 4, pp.378~393 (1963)
  8. Mackay IR, "Auto-immune (lupoid) hepatitis: an entity in the spectrum of chronic active liver disease", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5, pp.352~359 (1990)
  9. Czaja AJ, "Gender effects and synergisms with histocompatibility leukocyte antigens in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 97, pp.2051~2057 (2002)
  10. Al-Chalabi T, "Impact of gender on the long-term outcome and survival of patients with autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 48, pp.140~147 (2008)
  11. Gregorio GV, "Autoimmune hepatitis in childhood: a 20-year experience", Hepatology, 25, pp.541~547 (1997)
  12. Czaja AJ, "Clinical distinctions and pathogenic implications of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Brazil and the United States", J Hepatol, 37, pp.302~308 (2002)
  13. Al-Chalabi T, "Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral centre", J Hepatol, 45, pp.575~583 (2006)
  14. Czaja AJ, "Carpenter HA. Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly", Hepatology, 43, pp.532~538 (2006)
  15. Zolfino T, "Characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in patients who are not of European Caucasoid ethnic origin", Gut, 50, pp.713~717 (2002)
  16. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis. Part B: diagnosis", Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1, pp.129~143 (2007)
  17. Manns MP, "Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 51, pp.2193~2213 (2010)
  18. Czaja AJ, "Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Liver Dis, 19, pp.57~79 (2015)
  19. Alvarez F, "International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 31, pp.929~938 (1999)
  20. Hennes EM, "Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 48, pp.169~176 (2008)
  21. Czaja AJ, "Performance parameters of the diagnostic scoring systems for autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 48, pp.1540~1548 (2008)
  22. Manns M, "Characterisation of a new subgroup of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis by autoantibodies against a soluble liver antigen", Lancet, 1, pp.292~294 (1987)
  23. Costa M, "Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding the antigenic protein of the human tRNP(Ser)Sec complex recognized by autoantibodies from patients withtype-1 autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Exp Immunol, 121, pp.364~374 (2000)
  24. Czaja AJ, "Antibodies to soluble liver antigen", liver pancreas and HLA risk factors for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, 2002, pp.97, 413~419
  25. Ma Y, "Antibodies to conformational epitopes of soluble liver antigen define a severe form of autoimmune liver disease", Hepatology, 35, pp.658~664 (2002)
  26. Baeres M, "Establishment of standardised SLA", LP immunoassays: specificity for autoimmune hepatitis, worldwide occurrence, and clinical characteristics, 2002, pp.51, 259~264
  27. Guéguen P, "Double reactivity against actin and alpha-actinin defines a severe form of autoimmune hepatitis type 1", J Clin Immunol, 26, pp.495~505 (2006)
  28. Czaja AJ, "Autoantibodies as prognostic markers in autoimmune liver disease", Dig Dis Sci, 55, pp.2144~2161 (2010)
  29. Oikonomou KG, "Alpha-actinin: a multidisciplinary protein with important role in B-cell driven autoimmunity", Autoimmun Rev, 10, pp.389~396 (2011)
  30. Zachou K, "Anti-alpha actinin antibodies as new predictors of response to treatment in autoimmune hepatitis type 1", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 35, pp.116~125 (2012)
  31. Montano-Loza AJ, "Prognostic implications of antibodies to Ro", SSA and soluble liver antigen in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, 2012, pp.32, 85~92
  32. Johnson PJ, "Azathioprine for longterm maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis", N Engl J Med, 333, pp.958~963 (1995)
  33. Gleeson D, "British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for management of autoimmune hepatitis", Gut, 60, pp.1611~1629 (2011)
  34. Czaja AJ, "Current and prospective pharmacotherapy for autoimmune hepatitis", Expert Opin Pharmacother, 15, pp.1715~1736 (2014)
  35. Van Thiel DH, "Tacrolimus: a potential new treatment for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: results of an open-label preliminary trial", Am J Gastroenterol, 90, pp.771~776 (1995)
  36. Malekzadeh R, "Cyclosporin A is a promising alternative to corticosteroids in autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 46, pp.1321~1327 (2001)
  37. Devlin SM, "Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy", Can J Gastroenterol, 18, pp.321~326 (2004)
  38. Aqel BA, "Efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of steroid refractory autoimmune hepatitis", J Clin Gastroenterol, 38, pp.805~809 (2004)
  39. Czaja AJ, "Empiric therapy of autoimmune hepatitis with mycophenolate mofetil: comparison with conventional treatment for refractory disease", J Clin Gastroenterol, 39, pp.819~825 (2005)
  40. Inductivo-Yu I, "Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune hepatitis patients not responsive or intolerant to standard immunosuppressive therapy", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5, pp.799~802 (2007)
  41. Hennes EM, "Mycophenolate mofetil as second line therapy in autoimmune hepatitis? Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune hepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 103, pp.3063~3070 (2008)
  42. Hlivko JT, "A single center review of the use of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6, pp.1036~1040 (2008)
  43. Wolf DC, "Mycophenolate mofetil for autoimmune hepatitis: a single practice experience", Dig Dis Sci, 54, pp.2519~2522 (2009)
  44. Manns MP, "Budesonide induces remission more effectively than prednisone in a controlled trial of patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 139, pp.1198~1206 (2010)
  45. Sharzehi K, "Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in patients refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy", Can J Gastroenterol, 24, pp.588~592 (2010)
  46. Baven-Pronk AM, "The role of mycophenolate mofetil in the management of autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndromes", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 34, pp.335~343 (2011)
  47. Zachou K, "Mycophenolate for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis: prospective assessment of its efficacy and safety for induction and maintenance of remission in a large cohort of treatment-naive patients", J Hepatol, 55, pp.636~646 (2011)
  48. Czaja AJ, "Drug choices in autoimmune hepatitis. Part A: steroids", Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6, pp.603~615 (2012)
  49. Czaja AJ, "Drug choices in autoimmune hepatitis. Part B: nonsteroids", Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6, pp.617~635 (2012)
  50. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis: focusing on treatments other than steroids", Can J Gastroenterol, 26, pp.615~620 (2012)
  51. Nasseri-Moghaddam S, "Cyclosporine-A versus prednisolone for induction of remission in auto-immune hepatitis: interim analysis report of a randomized controlled trial", Middle East J Dig Dis, 5, pp.193~200 (2013)
  52. Czaja AJ, "Emerging opportunities for site-specific molecular and cellular interventions in autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 55, pp.2712~2726 (2010)
  53. Czaja AJ, "Promising pharmacological, molecular and cellular treatments of autoimmune hepatitis", Curr Pharm Des, 17, pp.3120~3140 (2011)
  54. Czaja AJ, "Nonstandard drugs and feasible new interventions for autoimmune hepatitis. Part I", Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, 11, pp.337~350 (2012)
  55. Weiler-Normann C, "Infliximab as a rescue treatment in difficult-to-treat autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 58, pp.529~534 (2013)
  56. Lapierre P, "Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells in an autoimmune hepatitis murine model restores peripheral tolerance", Hepatology, 57, pp.217~227 (2013)
  57. Czaja AJ, "Targeting apoptosis in autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 59, pp.2890~2904 (2014)
  58. Czaja AJ, "Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 40, pp.261~279 (2014)
  59. Montano-Loza AJ, "Cell mediators of autoimmune hepatitis and their therapeutic implications", Dig Dis Sci, 60, pp.1528~1542 (2015)
  60. Czaja AJ, "Adoptive cell transfer in autoimmune hepatitis", Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, pp.821~836 (2015)
  61. Czaja AJ, "Acute and acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 58, pp.897~914 (2013)
  62. Crapper RM, "‘Acute’ autoimmune hepatitis", Digestion, 34, pp.216~225 (1986)
  63. Nikias GA, "The nature and prognostic implications of autoimmune hepatitis with an acute presentation", J Hepatol, 21, pp.866~871 (1994)
  64. Michalska Z, "Autoimmune hepatitis in the material of Department and Regional Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Gdańsk", Med Sci Monit, 9(3), pp.49~54 (2003)
  65. Ferrari R, "Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis:patterns of clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of the ‘acute’ type", QJM, 97, pp.407~412 (2004)
  66. Lee WS, "Etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators of childhood fulminant hepatic failure in the United kingdom", J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 40, pp.575~581 (2005)
  67. Stravitz RT, "Autoimmune acute liver failure: proposed clinical and histological criteria", Hepatology, 53, pp.517~526 (2011)
  68. Yasui S, "Clinicopathological features of severe and fulminant forms of autoimmune hepatitis", J Gastroenterol, 46, pp.378~390 (2011)
  69. Fujiwara K, "Precise histological evaluation of liver biopsy specimen is indispensable for diagnosis and treatment of acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis", J Gastroenterol, 43, pp.951~958 (2008)
  70. Czaja AJ, "Reply: acute and acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 58, pp.1809~1810 (2013)
  71. Yasui S, "Importance of computed tomography imaging features for the diagnosis of autoimmune acute liver failure", Hepatol Res, 42, pp.42~50 (2012)
  72. Feld JJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis: effect of symptoms and cirrhosis on natural history and outcome", Hepatology, 42, pp.53~62 (2005)
  73. Kogan J, "Prognosis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic autoimmune hepatitis: a study of 68 patients", J Clin Gastroenterol, 35, pp.75~81 (2002)
  74. Czaja AJ, "Features and consequences of untreated type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Liver Int, 29, pp.816~823 (2009)
  75. Czaja AJ, "Autoantibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 57, pp.610~624 (2012)
  76. Czaja AJ, "Cryptogenic chronic hepatitis and its changing guise in adults", Dig Dis Sci, 56, pp.3421~3438 (2011)
  77. Czaja AJ, "The nature and prognosis of severe cryptogenic chronic active hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 104, pp.1755~1761 (1993)
  78. Heringlake S, "Presumed cryptogenic liver disease in Germany:high prevalence of autoantibody-negative autoimmune hepatitis, low prevalence of NASH, no evidence for occult viral etiology", Z Gastroenterol, 47, pp.417~423 (2009)
  79. Mehendiratta V, "Serologic markers do not predict histologic severity or response to treatment in patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, pp.98~103 (2009)
  80. Seo S, "Favorable outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis in a community clinic setting", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23, pp.1410~1414 (2008)
  81. Gassert DJ, "Corticosteroid-responsive cryptogenic chronic hepatitis: evidence for seronegative autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 52, pp.2433~2437 (2007)
  82. Miyake Y, "Current status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan", Acta Med Okayama, 62, pp.217~226 (2008)
  83. Bernal W, "The significance of autoantibodies and immunoglobulins in acute liver failure: a cohort study", J Hepatol, 47, pp.664~670 (2007)
  84. Hiramatsu A, "Etiology and outcome of acute liver failure: retrospective analysis of 50 patients treated at a single center", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23(8 Pt 1), pp.1216~1222 (2008)
  85. McFarlane IG, "Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis", Biomed Pharmacother, 53, pp.255~263 (1999)
  86. Czaja AJ, "Behavior and significance of autoantibodies in type 1autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 30, pp.394~401 (1999)
  87. Kanzler S, "Clinical significance of autoantibodies to soluble liver antigen in autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 31, pp.635~640 (1999)
  88. Targan SR, "High-titer antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type-1 autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 108, pp.1159~1166 (1995)
  89. Kaukinen K, "Celiac disease in patients with severe liver disease: gluten-free diet may reverse hepatic failure", Gastroenterology, 122, pp.881~888 (2002)
  90. Abdo A, "Liver abnormalities in celiac disease", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2, pp.107~112 (2004)
  91. Rubio-Tapia A, "Liver involvement in celiac disease", Minerva Med, 99, pp.595~604 (2008)
  92. Volta U, "Pathogenesis and clinical significance of liver injury in celiac disease", Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 36, pp.62~70 (2009)
  93. Prasad KK, "Hepatobiliary disorders in celiac disease: an update", Int J Hepatol, 2011, pp.438184~ (2011)
  94. Miyake Y, "Clinical features of Japanese type 1 autoimmune hepatitis patients with zone III necrosis", Hepatol Res, 37, pp.801~805 (2007)
  95. Okano N, "Clinicopathological features of acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatol Res, 25, pp.263~270 (2003)
  96. Kessler WR, "Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2, pp.625~631 (2004)
  97. Singh R, "Acute autoimmune hepatitis presenting with centrizonal liver disease: case report and review of the literature", Am J Gastroenterol, 97, pp.2670~2673 (2002)
  98. Ludwig J, "Manifestations of nonsuppurative cholangitis in chronic hepatobiliary diseases: morphologic spectrum, clinical correlations and terminology", Liver, 4, pp.105~116 (1984)
  99. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune cholangitis within the spectrum of autoimmune liver disease", Hepatology, 31, pp.1231~1238 (2000)
  100. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis with incidental histologic features of bile duct injury", Hepatology, 34(4 Pt 1), pp.659~665 (2001)
  101. Czaja AJ, "Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of bile duct injury in autoimmune hepatitis", Liver Int, 24, pp.322~329 (2004)
  102. Czaja AJ, "Cholestatic phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, pp.1430~1438 (2014)
  103. Kim WR, "Variant forms of cholestatic diseases involving small bile ducts in adults", Am J Gastroenterol, 95, pp.1130~1138 (2000)
  104. Angulo P, "Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term follow-up study", Hepatology, 35, pp.1494~1500 (2002)
  105. Chazouillères O, "Primary biliary cirrhosis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome: clinical features and response to therapy", Hepatology, 28, pp.296~301 (1998)
  106. Czaja AJ, "Frequency and nature of the variant syndromes of autoimmune liver disease", Hepatology, 28, pp.360~365 (1998)
  107. Czaja AJ, "The overlap syndromes of autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 58, pp.326~343 (2013)
  108. Kerkar N, "De-novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Lancet, 351, pp.409~413 (1998)
  109. Heneghan MA, "Graft dysfunction mimicking autoimmune hepatitis following liver transplantation in adults", Hepatology, 34, pp.464~470 (2001)
  110. González-Koch A, "Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation", Liver Transpl, 7, pp.302~310 (2001)
  111. Czaja AJ, "Autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation and other lessons of self-intolerance", Liver Transpl, 8, pp.505~513 (2002)
  112. Czaja AJ, "Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation:a disease continuum or a fresh start?", Liver Transpl, 15, pp.1169~1171 (2009)
  113. Czaja AJ, "Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Dig Dis Sci, 57, pp.2248~2266 (2012)
  114. Neuberger J, "Recurrence of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis following orthotopic liver grafting", Transplantation, 37, pp.363~365 (1984)
  115. Ratziu V, "Long-term follow-up after liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: evidence of recurrence of primary disease", J Hepatol, 30, pp.131~141 (1999)
  116. Molmenti EP, "Incidence and recurrence of autoimmune", alloimmune hepatitis in liver transplant recipients, 2002, pp.8, 519~526
  117. Duclos-Vallée JC, "A 10 year follow up study of patients transplanted for autoimmune hepatitis: histological recurrence precedes clinical and biochemical recurrence", Gut, 52, pp.893~897 (2003)
  118. Vogel A, "Long-term outcome of liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Transplant, 18, pp.62~69 (2004)
  119. Prados E, "Outcome of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Transplantation, 66, pp.1645~1650 (1998)
  120. Hernandez HM, "Autoimmune hepatitis as a late complication of liver transplantation", J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 32, pp.131~136 (2001)
  121. Montano-Loza AJ, "Risk factors for recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Liver Transpl, 15, pp.1254~1261 (2009)
  122. Campsen J, "Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis and the success of aggressive corticosteroid withdrawal", Liver Transpl, 14, pp.1281~1286 (2008)
  123. Gupta P, "De novo hepatitis with autoimmune antibodies and atypical histology: a rare cause of late graft dysfunction after pediatric liver transplantation", Transplantation, 71, pp.664~668 (2001)
  124. Aguilera I, "Antibodies against glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) in patients with de novo immune hepatitis following liver transplantation", Clin Exp Immunol, 126, pp.535~539 (2001)
  125. Cho JM, "De novo autoimmune hepatitis in Korean children after liver transplantation:a single institution’s experience", Transplant Proc, 43, pp.2394~2396 (2011)
  126. Andries S, "Posttransplant immune hepatitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: incidence and maintenance therapy with azathioprine", Transplantation, 72, pp.267~272 (2001)
  127. Duclos-Vallée JC, "Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation", Acta Gastroenterol Belg, 68, pp.331~336 (2005)
  128. Aguilera I, "Glutathione S-transferase T1 mismatch constitutes a risk factor for de novo immune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Liver Transpl, 10, pp.1166~1172 (2004)
  129. Czaja AJ, "The variant forms of autoimmune hepatitis", Ann Intern Med, 125, pp.588~598 (1996)
  130. Boberg KM, "Overlap syndromes:the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG)position statement on a controversial issue", J Hepatol, 54, pp.374~385 (2011)
  131. Chapman R, "Diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis", Hepatology, 51, pp.660~678 (2010)
  132. Lindor KD, "Primary biliary cirrhosis", Hepatology, 50, pp.291~308 (2009)
  133. Papamichalis PA, "The revised international autoimmune hepatitis score in chronic liver diseases including autoimmune hepatitis", overlap syndromes and autoimmune hepatitis with concurrent other liver disorders, 2007, pp.4, 3~
  134. Gatselis NK, "Comparison of simplified score with the revised original score for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis: a new or a complementary diagnostic score?", Dig Liver Dis, 42, pp.807~812 (2010)
  135. Kuiper EM, "Paris criteria are effective in diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8, pp.530~534 (2010)
  136. Rockey DC, "Liver biopsy", Hepatology, 49, pp.1017~1044 (2009)
  137. Björnsson E, "Patients with typical laboratory features of autoimmune hepatitis rarely need a liver biopsy for diagnosis", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, pp.57~63 (2011)
  138. Czaja AJ, "Review article: the management of autoimmune hepatitis beyond consensus guidelines", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 38, pp.343~364 (2013)
  139. Johnson PJ, "Meeting report: International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group", Hepatology, 18, pp.998~1005 (1993)
  140. Czaja A, "Validation of scoring system for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 41, pp.305~314 (1996)
  141. Yeoman AD, "Diagnostic value and utility of the simplified International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) criteria in acute and chronic liver disease", Hepatology, 50, pp.538~545 (2009)
  142. Boberg KM, "Features of autoimmune hepatitis in primary sclerosing cholangitis: an evaluation of 114primary sclerosing cholangitis patients according to a scoring system for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 23, pp.1369~1376 (1996)
  143. Czaja AJ, "Comparability of probable and definite autoimmune hepatitis by international diagnostic scoring criteria", Gastroenterology, 140, pp.1472~1480 (2011)
  144. Talwalkar JA, "Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: an evaluation of a modified scoring system", Am J Gastroenterol, 97, pp.1191~1197 (2002)
  145. Silveira MG, "Overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: long-term outcomes", Am J Gastroenterol, 102, pp.1244~1250 (2007)
  146. Neuhauser M, "Autoimmune hepatitis-PBC overlap syndrome: a simplified scoring system may assist in the diagnosis", Am J Gastroenterol, 105, pp.345~353 (2010)
  147. Fujiwara K, "Diagnostic value and utility of the simplified International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group criteria in acute-onset autoimmune hepatitis", Liver Int, 31, pp.1013~1020 (2011)
  148. Homberg JC, "Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver", kidney microsome antibody type 1: a second type of “autoimmune” hepatitis, 1987, pp.7, 1333~1339
  149. Czaja AJ, "Frequency and significance of antibodies to liver", kidney microsome type 1 in adults with chronic active hepatitis, 1992, pp.103, 1290~2095
  150. Strettell MD, "Allelic basis for HLA-encoded susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 112, pp.2028~2035 (1997)
  151. Czaja AJ, "Genetic distinctions between types 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 92, pp.2197~2200 (1997)
  152. Bittencourt PL, "Genetic heterogeneity in susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis types 1 and 2", Am J Gastroenterol, 94, pp.1906~1913 (1999)
  153. Djilali-Saiah I, "HLA class II influences humoral autoimmunity in patients with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 45, pp.844~850 (2006)
  154. Czaja AJ, "The validity and importance of subtypes in autoimmune hepatitis: a point of view", Am J Gastroenterol, 90, pp.1206~1211 (1995)
  155. Muratori P, "Type 1 and type 2 autoimmune hepatitis in adults share the same clinical phenotype", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 41, pp.1281~1287 (2015)
  156. Czaja AJ, "Performance parameters of the conventional serological markers for autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 56, pp.545~554 (2011)
  157. Loria P, "Non-organ-specific autoantibodies in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: prevalence and correlates", Dig Dis Sci, 48, pp.2173~2181 (2003)
  158. Adams LA, "The prevalence of autoantibodies and autoimmune hepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease", Am J Gastroenterol, 99, pp.1316~1320 (2004)
  159. Couto CA, "Antismooth muscle and antiactin antibodies are indirect markers of histological and biochemical activity of autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 59, pp.592~600 (2014)
  160. Czaja AJ, "Patterns of nuclear immunofluorescence and reactivities to recombinant nuclear antigens in autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 107, pp.200~207 (1994)
  161. Czaja AJ, "Frequency and significance of antibodies to histones in autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 23, pp.32~38 (1995)
  162. Czaja AJ, "Frequency and significance of antibodies to actin in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 24, pp.1068~1073 (1996)
  163. Gregorio GV, "Autoimmune hepatitis", sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome in childhood: a 16-year prospective study, 2001, pp.33, 544~553
  164. Reddy KR, "Absence of anti-LKM-1antibody in hepatitis C viral infection in the United States of America", J Viral Hepat, 2, pp.175~179 (1995)
  165. Abuaf N, "Non-organ specific autoantibodies associated with chronic C virus hepatitis", J Hepatol, 18, pp.359~364 (1993)
  166. Muratori P, "Evidence of a genetic basis for the different geographic occurrences of liver", kidney microsomal antibody type 1 in hepatitis C, 2007, pp.52, 179~184
  167. Manns MP, "LKM-1 autoantibodies recognize a short linear sequence in P450IID6, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase", J Clin Invest, 88, pp.1370~1378 (1991)
  168. Ma Y, "Key residues of a major cytochrome P4502D6 epitope are located on the surface of the molecule", J Immunol, 169, pp.277~285 (2002)
  169. Czaja AJ, "Autoantibodies in autoimmune liver disease", Adv Clin Chem, 40, pp.127~164 (2005)
  170. Czaja AJ, "The role of autoantibodies as diagnostic markers of autoimmune hepatitis", Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2, pp.33~48 (2006)
  171. Czaja AJ, "Autoantibodies in the diagnosis and management of liver disease", J Clin Gastroenterol, 37, pp.315~329 (2003)
  172. Chretien-Leprince P, "Diagnostic value of anti-F-actin antibodies in a French multicenter study", Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1050, pp.266~273 (2005)
  173. Frenzel C, "Evaluation of F-actin ELISA for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 101, pp.2731~2736 (2006)
  174. Granito A, "Antibodies to filamentous actin (F-actin) in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", J Clin Pathol, 59, pp.280~284 (2006)
  175. Martinez-Neira R, "An actin-myosin functional assay for analysis of smooth muscle (anti-microfilament)autoantibodies in human plasma", J Immunol Methods, 338, pp.63~66 (2008)
  176. Soares A, "Smooth muscle autoantibodies with F-actin specificity", Autoimmun Rev, 8, pp.713~716 (2009)
  177. Czaja AJ, "Advances in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 139(e4), pp.58~72 (2010)
  178. Chan Y, "Human skeletal musclespecific alpha-actinin-2 and -3 isoforms form homodimers and heterodimers in vitro and in vivo", Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 248, pp.134~139 (1998)
  179. Efe C, "Antibodies to soluble liver antigen in patients with various liver diseases: a multicentre study", Liver Int, 33, pp.190~196 (2013)
  180. Ballot E, "Antibodies to soluble liver antigen:an additional marker in type 1 auto-immune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 33, pp.208~215 (2000)
  181. Czaja AJ, "Antibodies to soluble liver antigen, P450IID6, and mitochondrial complexes in chronic hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 105, pp.1522~1528 (1993)
  182. Wies I, "Identification of target antigen for SLA", LP autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis, 2000, pp.355, 1510~1515
  183. Volkmann M, "SLA", LP, J Autoimmun, pp.2010, 34[DOI]
  184. Schramm C, "Pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: outcome and risk factors", Am J Gastroenterol, 101, pp.556~560 (2006)
  185. Liaskos C, "Antibody responses specific for soluble liver antigen co-occur with Ro-52 autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (abstract)", J Hepatol, 46(1), pp.S250~ (2007)
  186. Eyraud V, "Significance of antibodies to soluble liver antigen", liver pancreas: a large French study, 2009, pp.29, 857~864
  187. Mulder AH, "Prevalence and characterization of neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune liver diseases", Hepatology, 17, pp.411~417 (1993)
  188. Bansi D, "Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in chronic liver diseases: prevalence, titre, specificity and IgG subclass", J Hepatol, 24, pp.581~586 (1996)
  189. Terjung B, "p-ANCAs in autoimmune liver disorders recognise human beta-tubulin isotype 5 and cross-react with microbial protein FtsZ", Gut, 59, pp.808~816 (2010)
  190. Zauli D, "Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 25, pp.1105~1107 (1997)
  191. Terjung B, "“Atypical p-ANCA” in IBD and hepatobiliary disorders react with a 50-kilodalton nuclear envelope protein of neutrophils and myeloid cell lines", Gastroenterology, 119, pp.310~322 (2000)
  192. Sobajima J, "High mobility group (HMG)non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and HMG2 are significant target antigens of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", Gut, 44, pp.867~873 (1999)
  193. Elkayam O, "Clinical and immunological study of 7 patients with minocycline-induced autoimmune phenomena", Am J Med, 105, pp.484~487 (1998)
  194. Terjung B, "Atypical p-ANCA in PSC and AIH: a hint toward a “leaky gut”?", Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 36, pp.40~51 (2009)
  195. Zachou K, "Autoantibodies and autoantigens in autoimmune hepatitis: important tools in clinical practice and to study pathogenesis of the disease", J Autoimmune Dis, 1, pp.2~ (2004)
  196. Roozendaal C, "Clinical significance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in autoimmune liver diseases", J Hepatol, 32, pp.734~741 (2000)
  197. Schwarze C, "IgA class antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis", Clin Exp Immunol, 133, pp.283~289 (2003)
  198. McFarlane BM, "Serum autoantibodies reacting with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor protein (hepatic lectin) in acute and chronic liver disorders", J Hepatol, 3, pp.196~205 (1986)
  199. Treichel U, "Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH. Autoantibodies to human asialoglycoprotein receptor in autoimmune-type chronic hepatitis", Hepatology, 11, pp.606~612 (1990)
  200. Treichel U, "Demographics of antiasialoglycoprotein receptor autoantibodies in autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 107, pp.799~804 (1994)
  201. Czaja AJ, "Frequency and significance of antibodies to asialoglycoprotein receptor in type 1autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 41, pp.1733~1740 (1996)
  202. Hajoui O, "Auto-antibodies to the asialoglycoprotein receptor in sera of children with auto-immune hepatitis", Eur J Pediatr, 159, pp.310~313 (2000)
  203. Husa P, "Autoantibodies to asialoglycoprotein receptor in chronic hepatitis C patients", Acta Virol, 45, pp.7~11 (2001)
  204. Yoshioka M, "Anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoantibodies, detected by a capture-immunoassay, are associated with autoimmune liver diseases", Acta Med Okayama, 56, pp.99~105 (2002)
  205. Johnson PJ, "Autoimmune features in patients with idiopathic chronic active hepatitis who are seronegative for conventional auto-antibodies", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 5, pp.244~251 (1990)
  206. McFarlane IG, "Antibodies to liver-specific protein predict outcome of treatment withdrawal in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis", Lancet, 2, pp.954~956 (1984)
  207. Roggenbuck D, "Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR): a peculiar target of liverspecific autoimmunity", Auto Immun Highlights, 3, pp.119~125 (2012)
  208. Muratori L, "Liver", kidney microsomal antibody type 1 and liver cytosol antibody type 1 concentrations in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, 1998, pp.42, 721~726
  209. Martini E, "Antibody to liver cytosol (anti-LC1) in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis type 2", Hepatology, 8, pp.1662~1666 (1988)
  210. Abuaf N, "Characterization of the liver cytosol antigen type 1 reacting with autoantibodies in chronic active hepatitis", Hepatology, 16, pp.892~898 (1992)
  211. Lenzi M, "Liver cytosolic 1 antigenantibody system in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis C virus infection", Gut, 36, pp.749~754 (1995)
  212. Ballot E, "Detection on immunoblot of new proteins from the soluble fraction of the cell recognized either by anti-liver-kidney microsome antibodies type 1 or by anti-liver cytosol antibodies type 1: relationship with hepatitis C virus infection", Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 80(3 Pt 1), pp.245~254 (1996)
  213. Béland K, "Anti-LC1 autoantibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection", J Autoimmun, 22, pp.159~166 (2004)
  214. Rigopoulou EI, "Autoimmune hepatitis-specific antibodies against soluble liver antigen and liver cytosol type 1 in patients with chronic viral hepatitis", J Autoimmune Dis, 4, pp.2~ (2007)
  215. Han S, "Anti-liver cytosolic antigen type 1 (LC1) antibodies in childhood autoimmune liver disease", Hepatology, 21, pp.58~62 (1995)
  216. Czaja AJ, "Nonstandard antibodies as prognostic markers in autoimmune hepatitis", Autoimmunity, 37, pp.195~201 (2004)
  217. Muratori L, "Detection of anti-liver cytosol antibody type 1 (anti-LC1) by immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting: comparison of different techniques", J Immunol Methods, 187, pp.259~264 (1995)
  218. Bridoux-Henno L, "Features and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis type 2 presenting with isolated positivity for anti-liver cytosol antibody", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2, pp.825~830 (2004)
  219. Lapierre P, "Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase is an organ-specific autoantigen recognized by sera of patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 116, pp.643~649 (1999)
  220. Muratori L, "Distinct epitopes on formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase induce autoimmune liver cytosol antibody type 1", Hepatology, 34, pp.494~501 (2001)
  221. Lapierre P, "Characterization of the B cell response of patients with anti-liver cytosol autoantibodies in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis", Eur J Immunol, 33, pp.1869~1878 (2003)
  222. Renous R, "Characterization of the antigenicity of the formiminotransferasecyclodeaminase in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis", Exp Cell Res, 292, pp.332~341 (2004)
  223. Summerskill WH, "Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine compared", Gut, 16, pp.876~883 (1975)
  224. Sandborn WJ, "A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate", Am J Gastroenterol, 91, pp.423~433 (1996)
  225. Allison AC, "Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward", Immunopharmacology, 47, pp.63~83 (2000)
  226. Rosenkrantz JG, "Azathioprine (Imuran) and pregnancy", Am J Obstet Gynecol, 97, pp.387~394 (1967)
  227. de Boer NK, "Azathioprine use during pregnancy:unexpected intrauterine exposure to metabolites", Am J Gastroenterol, 101, pp.1390~1392 (2006)
  228. Candia L, "Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy: a rheumatologist’s dilemma", Semin Arthritis Rheum, 35, pp.49~56 (2005)
  229. Heneghan MA, "Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis", Gut, 48, pp.97~102 (2001)
  230. Francella A, "The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study", Gastroenterology, 124, pp.9~17 (2003)
  231. Werner M, "Autoimmune hepatitis among fertile women: strategies during pregnancy and breastfeeding?", Scand J Gastroenterol, 42, pp.986~991 (2007)
  232. Akbari M, "Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease", Inflamm Bowel Dis, 19, pp.15~22 (2013)
  233. Casanova MJ, "Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-alpha drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease", Am J Gastroenterol, 108, pp.433~440 (2013)
  234. Kanzler S, "Long-term management and prognosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH): a single center experience", Z Gastroenterol, 39, pp.339-341~344-338 (2001)
  235. Kanzler S, "Duration of immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 34, pp.354~355 (2001)
  236. Sahasranaman S, "Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of thiopurines", Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 64, pp.753~767 (2008)
  237. Ben Ari Z, "Azathioprineinduced myelosuppression due to thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 23, pp.351~354 (1995)
  238. Langley PG, "Thiopurine methyltransferase phenotype and genotype in relation to azathioprine therapy in autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 37, pp.441~447 (2002)
  239. Heneghan MA, "Utility of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping and phenotyping, and measurement of azathioprine metabolites in the management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 45, pp.584~591 (2006)
  240. Czaja AJ, "Thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency and azathioprine intolerance in autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 51, pp.968~975 (2006)
  241. Montano-Loza AJ, "Improving the end point of corticosteroid therapy in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis to reduce the frequency of relapse", Am J Gastroenterol, 102, pp.1005~1012 (2007)
  242. Czaja AJ, "Rapidity of treatment response and outcome in type 1autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 51, pp.161~167 (2009)
  243. Czaja AJ, "Laboratory assessment of severe chronic active liver disease during and after corticosteroid therapy: correlation of serum transaminase and gamma globulin levels with histologic features", Gastroenterology, 80, pp.687~692 (1981)
  244. Czaja AJ, "Review article: permanent drug withdrawal is desirable and achievable for autoimmune hepatitis", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 39, pp.1043~1058 (2014)
  245. Czaja AJ, "Complete resolution of inflammatory activity following corticosteroid treatment of HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis", Hepatology, 4, pp.622~627 (1984)
  246. Czaja AJ, "Sustained remission after corticosteroid therapy for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis: a retrospective analysis", Hepatology, 35, pp.890~897 (2002)
  247. van Gerven NM, "Relapse is almost universal after withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission", J Hepatol, 58, pp.141~147 (2013)
  248. Czaja AJ, "Sustained remission after corticosteroid therapy of severe hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 92, pp.215~219 (1987)
  249. Czaja AJ, "Clinical features and prognosis of severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) after corticosteroid-induced remission", Gastroenterology, 78, pp.518~523 (1980)
  250. Hegarty JE, "Relapse following treatment withdrawal in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis", Hepatology, 3, pp.685~689 (1983)
  251. Montano-Loza AJ, "Consequences of treatment withdrawal in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis", Liver Int, 27, pp.507~515 (2007)
  252. Montano-Loza AJ, "Features associated with treatment failure in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and predictive value of the model of end-stage liver disease", Hepatology, 46, pp.1138~1145 (2007)
  253. Selvarajah V, "Systematic review:managing suboptimal treatment responses in autoimmune hepatitis with conventional and nonstandard drugs", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 36, pp.691~707 (2012)
  254. Czaja AJ, "Safety issues in the management of autoimmune hepatitis", Expert Opin Drug Saf, 7, pp.319~333 (2008)
  255. Bajaj JS, "Increased rates of early adverse reaction to azathioprine in patients with Crohn’s disease compared to autoimmune hepatitis: a tertiary referral center experience", Am J Gastroenterol, 100, pp.1121~1125 (2005)
  256. Czaja AJ, "Management of recalcitrant autoimmune hepatitis", Curr Hepatitis Rep, 12, pp.66~77 (2013)
  257. Schalm SW, "Failure of customary treatment in chronic active liver disease: causes and management", Ann Clin Res, 8, pp.221~227 (1976)
  258. Seela S, "Autoimmune hepatitis type 1: safety and efficacy of prolonged medical therapy", Liver Int, 25, pp.734~739 (2005)
  259. Czaja AJ, "Low-dose corticosteroid therapy after multiple relapses of severe HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis", Hepatology, 11, pp.1044~1049 (1990)
  260. Allison AC, "Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action", Immunopharmacology, 47, pp.85~118 (2000)
  261. Allison AC, "Mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil", Lupus, 14(1), pp.S2~S8 (2005)
  262. Perez-Aytes A, "In utero exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: a characteristic phenotype?", Am J Med Genet A, 146, pp.1~7 (2008)
  263. Anderka MT, "Reviewing the evidence for mycophenolate mofetil as a new teratogen:case report and review of the literature", Am J Med Genet A, 149, pp.1241~1248 (2009)
  264. Klieger-Grossmann C, "Prenatal exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: an updated estimate", J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 32, pp.794~797 (2010)
  265. Lin AE, "An additional patient with mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy:cardiac and facial analyses", Am J Med Genet A, 155, pp.748~756 (2011)
  266. Woynarowski M, "Budesonide versus prednisone with azathioprine for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in children and adolescents", J Pediatr, 163(e1), pp.1347~1353 (2013)
  267. Mieli-Vergani G, "Budesonide for juvenile autoimmune hepatitis? Not yet", J Pediatr, 163, pp.1246~1248 (2013)
  268. Geier A, "Side effects of budesonide in liver cirrhosis due to chronic autoimmune hepatitis: influence of hepatic metabolism versus portosystemic shunts on a patient complicated with HCC", World J Gastroenterol, 9, pp.2681~2685 (2003)
  269. Efe C, "Liver fibrosis may reduce the efficacy of budesonide in the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and overlap syndrome", Autoimmun Rev, 11, pp.330~334 (2012)
  270. Lohse AW, "Reactivation of autoimmune hepatitis during budesonide monotherapy, and response to standard treatment", J Hepatol, 54, pp.837~839 (2011)
  271. Czaja AJ, "Failure of budesonide in a pilot study of treatment-dependent autoimmune hepatitis", Gastroenterology, 119, pp.1312~1316 (2000)
  272. Czaja AJ, "Mycophenolate mofetil to the rescue in autoimmune hepatitis: a fresh sprout on the decision tree", J Hepatol, 51, pp.8~10 (2009)
  273. Seikaly MG, "Mycophenolate mofetil: is it worth the cost? The infavor opinion", Pediatr Transplant, 3, pp.79~82 (1999)
  274. Alvarez F, "Short-term cyclosporine induces a remission of autoimmune hepatitis in children", J Hepatol, 30, pp.222~227 (1999)
  275. Cuarterolo M, "Follow-up of children with autoimmune hepatitis treated with cyclosporine", J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 43, pp.635~639 (2006)
  276. Larsen FS, "Lowdose tacrolimus ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in steroid refractory autoimmune hepatitis", World J Gastroenterol, 13, pp.3232~3236 (2007)
  277. Hess AD, "Cyclosporineinduced autoimmunity: critical role of autoregulation in the prevention of major histocompatibility class II-dependent autoaggression", Transplant Proc, 25, pp.2811~2813 (1993)
  278. Lohse AW, "De novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Hepatol Res, 37(3), pp.S462~ (2007)
  279. Chatur N, "Transplant immunosuppressive agents in non-transplant chronic autoimmune hepatitis: the Canadian association for the study of liver (CASL) experience with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus", Liver Int, 25, pp.723~727 (2005)
  280. Kerkar N, "Rapamycin successfully treats post-transplant autoimmune hepatitis", Am J Transplant, 5, pp.1085~1089 (2005)
  281. Santos ES, "Successful treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with the monoclonal antibody, rituximab: case report and review of literature", Liver Int, 26, pp.625~629 (2006)
  282. Evans JT, "Rituximabresponsive cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis", J Clin Gastroenterol, 42, pp.862~863 (2008)
  283. Barth E, "A case of autoimmune hepatitis treated with rituximab", Case Rep Gastroenterol, 4, pp.502~509 (2010)
  284. Carey EJ, "Successful rituximab therapy in refractory autoimmune hepatitis and Evans syndrome", Rev Med Chil, 139, pp.1484~1487 (2011)
  285. Burak KW, "Rituximab for the treatment of patients with autoimmune hepatitis who are refractory or intolerant to standard therapy", Can J Gastroenterol, 27, pp.273~280 (2013)
  286. Germano V, "Autoimmune hepatitis associated with infliximab in a patient with psoriatic arthritis", Ann Rheum Dis, 64, pp.1519~1520 (2005)
  287. Marques M, "Infliximab-induced lupuslike syndrome associated with autoimmune hepatitis", Inflamm Bowel Dis, 14, pp.723~725 (2008)
  288. Fairhurst DA, "Autoimmune hepatitis associated with infliximab in a patient with palmoplantar pustular psoriaisis", Clin Exp Dermatol, 34, pp.421~422 (2009)
  289. Ghabril M, "Liver injury from tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists: analysis of thirty-four cases", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11(e3), pp.558~564 (2013)
  290. Dulai PS, "Risks of serious infection or lymphoma with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, pp.1443~1451 (2014)
  291. Björnsson ES, "Risk of druginduced liver injury from tumor necrosis factor antagonists", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13, pp.602~608 (2015)
  292. Núñez-Martínez O, "Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: fulminant versus chronic hepatitis presentation", Transplant Proc, 35, pp.1857~1858 (2003)
  293. Tripathi D, "Autoimmune hepatitis and liver transplantation:indications, results, and management of recurrent disease", Semin Liver Dis, 29, pp.286~296 (2009)
  294. Neuberger J, "Transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis", Semin Liver Dis, 22, pp.379~386 (2002)
  295. Martin SR, "Outcomes in children who underwent transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis", Liver Transpl, 17, pp.393~401 (2011)
  296. Birnbaum AH, "Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis in children after liver transplantation", J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 25, pp.20~25 (1997)
  297. Milkiewicz P, "Recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation", Transplantation, 68, pp.253~256 (1999)
  298. Reich DJ, "Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis", Hepatology, 32(4 Pt 1), pp.693~700 (2000)
  299. Yusoff IF, "Disease recurrence after liver transplantation in Western Australia", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, pp.203~207 (2002)
  300. Czaja AJ, "Nonstandard drugs and feasible new interventions for autoimmune hepatitis. Part II", Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, 11, pp.351~363 (2012)
  301. Chen M, "Adoptive transfer of human gingivaderived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis via suppression of Th1 and Th17 cells and enhancement of regulatory T cell differentiation", Arthritis Rheum, 65, pp.1181~1193 (2013)
  302. Scalapino KJ, "CTLA-4: a key regulatory point in the control of autoimmune disease", Immunol Rev, 223, pp.143~155 (2008)
  303. Dhirapong A, "Therapeutic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4", immunoglobulin on a murine model of primary biliary cirrhosis, 2013, pp.57, 708~715
  304. Smith CA, "Antibodies to CD3", T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures, 1989, pp.337, 181~184
  305. Perruche S, "CD3-specific antibody-induced immune tolerance involves transforming growth factor-beta from phagocytes digesting apoptotic T cells", Nat Med, 14, pp.528~535 (2008)
  306. Ochi H, "New immunosuppressive approaches: oral administration of CD3-specific antibody to treat autoimmunity", J Neurol Sci, 274, pp.9~12 (2008)
  307. Chatenoud L, "Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, pp.123~127 (1994)
  308. Herold KC, "Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus", N Engl J Med, 346, pp.1692~1698 (2002)
  309. Longhi MS, "Impairment of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells in autoimmune liver disease", J Hepatol, 41, pp.31~37 (2004)
  310. Longhi MS, "Functional study of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in health and autoimmune hepatitis", J Immunol, 176, pp.4484~4491 (2006)
  311. Peiseler M, "FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are fully functional and not reduced in frequency", J Hepatol, 57, pp.125~132 (2012)
  312. Kido M, "Fatal autoimmune hepatitis induced by concurrent loss of naturally arising regulatory T cells and PD-1-mediated signaling", Gastroenterology, 135, pp.1333~1343 (2008)
  313. Tanaka H, "Successful immunotherapy of autoimmune cholangitis by adoptive transfer of forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T cells", Clin Exp Immunol, 178, pp.253~261 (2014)
  314. Novak J, "Mechanism of regulation of autoimmunity by iNKT cells", Cytokine, 53, pp.263~270 (2011)
  315. Van Kaer L, "Invariant NK T cells: potential for immunotherapeutic targeting with glycolipid antigens", Immunotherapy, 3, pp.59~75 (2011)
  316. Dennert G, "The role of NKT cells in animal models of autoimmune hepatitis", Crit Rev Immunol, 26, pp.453~473 (2006)
  317. Kawamura H, "P2X7 receptors regulate NKT cells in autoimmune hepatitis", J Immunol, 176, pp.2152~2160 (2006)
  318. Francois S, "Human mesenchymal stem cells provide protection against radiation-induced liver injury by antioxidative process, vasculature protection, hepatocyte differentiation, and trophic effects", Biomed Res Int, 2013, pp.151679~ (2013)
  319. Ringdén O, "Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of therapy-resistant graft-versus-host disease", Transplantation, 81, pp.1390~1397 (2006)
  320. Voswinkel J, "Use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in chronic inflammatory fistulizing and fibrotic diseases: a comprehensive review", Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 45, pp.180~192 (2013)
  321. Peng Y, "Donor-derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with low-dose tacrolimus prevent acute rejection after renal transplantation: a clinical pilot study", Transplantation, 95, pp.161~168 (2013)
  322. Czaja AJ, "Review article: the prevention and reversal of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 39, pp.385~406 (2014)
  323. Czaja AJ, "Hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease", World J Gastroenterol, 20, pp.2515~2532 (2014)
  324. Sanyal AJ, "Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis", N Engl J Med, 362, pp.1675~1685 (2010)
  325. Harrison SA, "Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis", Am J Gastroenterol, 98, pp.2485~2490 (2003)
  326. Mato JM, "S-adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial", J Hepatol, 30, pp.1081~1089 (1999)
  327. Feld JJ, "S-adenosyl methionine improves early viral responses and interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatitis C nonresponders", Gastroenterology, 140, pp.830~839 (2011)
  328. Colmenero J, "Effects of losartan on hepatic expression of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase and fibrogenic genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C", Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 297, pp.G726~G734 (2009)
  329. Sanz-Cameno P, "Enhanced intrahepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitrotyrosine accumulation in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis", J Hepatol, 37, pp.723~729 (2002)
  330. Pemberton PW, "Oxidant stress in type I autoimmune hepatitis:the link between necroinflammation and fibrogenesis?", Biochim Biophys Acta, 1689, pp.182~189 (2004)
  331. Singal AK, "Antioxidants as therapeutic agents for liver disease", Liver Int, 31, pp.1432~1448 (2011)
  332. Moreno-Otero R, "May oxidative stress contribute to autoimmune hepatitis pathogenesis, and can antioxidants be of value as adjuvant therapy for refractory patients?", Dig Dis Sci, 58, pp.1440~1441 (2013)
  333. Ueno Y, "Orally-administered caspase inhibitor PF-03491390 is retained in the liver for prolonged periods with low systemic exposure, exerting a hepatoprotective effect against alpha-fas-induced liver injury in a mouse model", J Pharmacol Sci, 105, pp.201~205 (2007)
  334. Canbay A, "The caspase inhibitor IDN-6556 attenuates hepatic injury and fibrosis in the bile duct ligated mouse", J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 308, pp.1191~1196 (2004)
  335. Anstee QM, "Impact of pan-caspase inhibition in animal models of established steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis", J Hepatol, 53, pp.542~550 (2010)
  336. Yoshida N, "Improvement of the survival rate after rat massive hepatectomy due to the reduction of apoptosis by caspase inhibitor", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22, pp.2015~2021 (2007)
  337. Pockros PJ, "Oral IDN-6556, an antiapoptotic caspase inhibitor, may lower aminotransferase activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C", Hepatology, 46, pp.324~329 (2007)
  338. Arends JE, "Low doses of the novel caspase-inhibitor GS-9450 leads to lower caspase-3 and -8 expression on peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells", Apoptosis, 16, pp.959~966 (2011)
  339. Faubel S, "Caspases as drug targets in ischemic organ injury", Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord, 5, pp.269~287 (2005)
  340. Petta S, "Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferonbased therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C", Hepatology, 51, pp.1158~1167 (2010)
  341. Farnik H, "Low vitamin D serum concentration is associated with high levels of hepatitis B virus replication in chronically infected patients", Hepatology, 58, pp.1270~1276 (2013)
  342. Trépo E, "Marked 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with poor prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease", J Hepatol, 59, pp.344~350 (2013)
  343. Efe C, "Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with severe histological features and poor response to therapy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 59, pp.3035~3042 (2014)
  344. Beyazit Y, "Oxidative stress might play a role in low serum vitamin D associated liver fibrosis among patients with autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 60, pp.1106~1108 (2015)
  345. Dasarathy J, "Hypovitaminosis D is associated with increased whole body fat mass and greater severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease", Liver Int, 34, pp.e118~e127 (2014)
  346. Arnson Y, "Vitamin D and autoimmunity:new aetiological and therapeutic considerations", Ann Rheum Dis, 66, pp.1137~1142 (2007)
  347. Codoñer-Franch P, "Vitamin D status is linked to biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial activation in obese children", J Pediatr, 161, pp.848~854 (2012)
  348. Smyk DS, "Vitamin D in autoimmune liver disease", Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 37, pp.535~545 (2013)
  349. Czaja AJ, "Transitioning from idiopathic to explainable autoimmune hepatitis", Dig Dis Sci, 60, pp.2881~2900 (2015)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (21건)