하타요가(haṭhayoga) 전통에서의 84 좌법(āsana)설: 원형과 문헌적 근거에 대하여
A Study on 84 Āsanas in Haṭhayoga Tradition: Their Archetypes and Textual Context
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
하타요가 문헌에 따르면 좌법(āsana)의 수는 840만개이지만 중요시되는 것은 ‘쉬바가 선별한 84개의 좌법’이다. 쉬바가 84개의 좌법을 선별했다는 것은 고락샤나타 이래 17세기 문헌까지 거의 공통적으로 언급되는 내용으로 사실상 하타요가의 전통적 가르침으로 전수되고 있다.하지만 전통적인 하타요가 문헌에서 84좌법이 설명되지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 심지어 84좌법의 목록조차 열거되지 않았다는 것은 역설적이다. 여기서 ‘쉬바의 84좌법설’의 실체에 의문을 제기할 수 있다. 과연 84좌법은 실제로 존재했던 것인가, 아니면 84는 하나의 신비로운 숫자에 불과한 것인가?하타요가 문헌은 좌법의 유용성을 설명하는 데 많은 정성을 기울였을 것 같지만 9-12세기의 고락샤나타의 작품들을 비롯해 『쉬바상히따』, 『요가샤스뜨라』 등 14세기 이전의 문헌에서 언급된 좌법 수는 4개를 넘지 않는다. 그 이후의 대중적인 문헌인 『요가야갸왈까』가 8개, 그리고 하타요가의 체계를 완성한 『하타(요가)쁘라디삐까』가 비교적 많은 15개의 좌법을 설명하고 있을 뿐이며, 17세기 문헌으로 다양한 수행법을 제시하는 『게란다상히따』가 이례적으로 많은 좌법을 설명하지만 그 수는 32개를 넘지 않는다. 비록 하타요가 문헌이 ‘쉬바의 84좌법’을 언급하지만 문맥과 정황상 강조되는 것은 ‘840만개의 좌법 중에서 쉬바가 84개를 선별했다’는 것이 아니라, ‘쉬바가 선별한 84좌법 중에서도 4개의 좌법, 특히 달인좌가 중요하다’는 것을 강조하는 것으로 파악된다. 고락샤나타 이후의 하타요가 문헌이 달인좌를 강조하는 이유는 하타요가의 핵심 수련법인 조식(prāṇāyāma)과 무드라(mudrā)가 회음의 압박을 필요로 하기 때문이다. 한편 17-18세기에 성립된 문헌들은 그 이전의 문헌과 확연히 구별될 정도로 다양한 좌법을 설명하며, 84좌법의 실체도 『하타라뜨나왈리』와 『조가쁘라디빠까』에서 등장한다. 하지만 이 시기의 문헌에 언급된 84좌법이 ‘84좌법의 실체에 대한 문헌적 증거’가 될 수 있을지는 의문이다. 그것은 일차적으로 두 문헌에 각각 열거된 84좌법의 목록이 서로 이질적이어서 오히려 ‘84좌법의 원본’이 존재했을 가능성을 배제하기 때문이다. 또한 두 문헌의 84좌법(중복을 제외하면 약 150개의 좌법)은 전대의 좌법 전통과도 이질적인데, 이것이 암시하는 것은 두 문헌의 좌법이 하타요가의 좌법전통을 계승한 것이 아니라 그 당시 해당 지역에서 유행했던 좌법상을 반영했을 뿐이라는 것이다. 물론 이것은 좌법설명에 인색했던 전통적인 하타요가 문헌에 비추어 볼 때 좌법사에서 획기적인 전환점이며, 아마 이 시기부터 좌법이 하타요가의 외형적 전형으로 인식되는 데 기여했을 것이다.
Abstract
According to Gorakṣanātha, the founder of Haṭhayoga, there are 8,400,000 āsanas. This number is mentioned in the Śivasaṃhitā, Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā, and Yogaśāstra as well as in the Gorakṣaśataka. But this is only a symbolic number, not an actual reference to teachings. Most Hathayoga texts, including the Gorakṣaśataka mention that Śiva had selected 84 among those 8,400,000 āsanas. This reference occurs not only in early texts like the Gorakṣaśataka, and the Śivasaṃhitā, but also in the classic Haṭhayogapradīpikā and the later Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā, and the 17th century Commentary to the Yogasūtra, the Yogasiddhāntacandrikā. Despite that, and paradoxically, there are no authoritative texts of haṭhayoga explaining these 84 āsanas. For example, there are 1 or 2 āsanas explained in the Gorakṣaśataka and the Yogaśāstra, 4 in the Śivasaṃhitā, 8 in the Yogayājñavalkya, and only 15 even in the Haṭhayogapradīpikā. The 17th c. text Gheraṇḍasaṃhitā which, in contrast to previous texts, explains more āsanas, still only explains no more than 32 of them. Thus only can only raise doubts as to whether Śiva's 84 āsanas actually existed, or whether the number 84 is, as in the teachings of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and even the Ājīvikas, merely a mystical number symbolizing perfection. This paper examines the kind and number of āsanas in classical hatha yoga texts, Śaiva, Jaina, Kāśikhaṇḍa, to see whether the 84 āsanas actually exist or not. Although there are 8,400,000 āsanas, only 84 were selected by Śiva, of which 4 (Siddhāsana, Padmāsana, Siṃhāsana, and Vīrāsana) are explained. Among these 4 āsanas, the Siddhāsnana figures prominently. In other words, hathayoga texts mentioning Śiva's 84 āsanas actually view the Siddhāsana as the most important one. The 84 āsanas occur concretely in the Haṭharatnāvalī, and the Jogapradīpakā (17-18th c.). But the explanations thereof are completely different in these two texts. Probably this means that no single Ur-text describing the prototype of the 84 āsanas ever existed. Thus the 84 āsanas in the Haṭharatnāvalī, and Jogapradīpakā are a new creation, probably in order to secure authority for later teachings, and the fact that the two texts provide completely different explanations is due to local differences concerning the āsanas that gained popularity. At any rate, this means that no single Ur-text describing the prototype of the 84 āsanas ever existed. Although the 84 āsanas described in these two texts are different from each other, they show what kind of āsanas were popular in the 17-18th centuries. This represents a turning point in the history of āsanas, especially if we compare it with earlier hatha yoga texts who refrained from providing concrete explanations of āsanas. Thus, these two texts became representative for describing concrete hatha yoga āsanas.
참고문헌 (46)
- Singh, Shri Bajaranga, "Amanaska Yoga" (1987), Swami Keshawananda Yoga-Samsthan-Prakashana
- Digambarji, Swami, "Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā" (1997), Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M. Samiti
- Kuvalyānanda, Svāmī, "Gorakṣaśatakam with Introduction, Text, English Translation, Notes, etc" (2006), Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M. Samiti
- Gharote, M. L., "Siddhasiddhāntapraddhatīḥ: A Treatise on the Nātha Philosophy by Gorakhnātha" (2010), Lonavla Yoga Institute
- Pāṇḍeya, Śrījanādarśanaśāstrī, "Gorakṣasiddhāntasaṅgrahaḥ" (1973), Sri Ghana Shayama Upadhyaya
- Tatya, Tookaram, "The Haṭhayogapradīpikā of Svātmārāma with the Commentary Jyotsnā of Brahmānanda and English Translation" (1975), The Adyar Library and Research Centre
- Gharote, M. L., "(with 10 chapters) of Svātmārama with Yogaprakāśikā A Commentary by Bālakṛṣṇa" (2006), The Lonavla Yoga Institute
- Gharote, M. L., "Parimal Devnath, Vijay Kant Jha 2002. Haṭharatrnāvalī: A Treatise on Haṭhayoga of Śrīnivāsayogī" (2002), The Lonavla Yoga Institute
- Maheśānanda, Swāmī, "Jogapradīpyakā of Jayatarāma" (2006), Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M Samati
- Mallinson, James, "Khecarīvidyā of Ādinātha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation" (2003), Routledge
- Sensharma, Debavrata, "Matsyendra Saṃhitā of Matsyendranātha Part 1" (1994), The Asiatic Society
- Maheśānanda, Swāmī, "Śiva Saṃhitā: A Critical Edition: English Version" (2009), Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M Samati
- Sjoman, Norman E., "The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace" (1996), Abhinav Publications
- Bodas, Rajaram Shastri, "Yogasūtras of Patañjali with the Scholium of Vyāsa and the Commentary of Vāchaspatimiśra" (1917), Government Central Press
- Sharma, Narendra Natha, "Yogakarṇikā: An Ancient Treatise on Yoga" (1981), Eastern Book Linkers
- Awasthi, M. M., "Yoga Shastra of Dattatreya" (1985), Swami Keshawananda Yoga Institute
- Quarnström, Olle, "The Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra: A Twelfth Century Handbook on Śvetāmvara Jainism. Harvard Oriental Series Vol. Sixty" (2002), The Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University
- Āraṇya, Swāmi Hariharānanda, "Yoga Philosophy of Patañjali: Constaining His Yoga Aphorisms with Vyāṣa's Commentary in Sanskrit and a Translation with Annotations Including Many Suggestions for the Practice of Yoga" (1983), State University of New York Press
- Karnatak, Vilmala, "Yogasiddhāntacanrikā of Srinarayanatirtha: A Critical Edition" (1971), Chowkhamba Press
- Jha, Pt. Ganga Nath, "Yogasārasaṅgraha of Vijñānabhikṣu(Vijñanābhikṣupraṇītaḥ yogasārasaṃgraha): Sanskrit Text and English Translation" (2004), Parimal Publications
- Śāstrī, Nyāyāchārya Kāvyatīrtha, "Yogasūtram by Maharṣipatañjali with Six Commentaries (1) Rājamārtaṇḍa by Bhogarāja, (2) Pradīpikā by Bhāvā Gaṇeśa, (3) Vṛtti by Nāgoji Bhaṭṭa, (4) Maṇiprabhā by Rāmānandayati, (5) Chandrikā by Anantadeva and (6) Yogasudhākara by Sadāśivendra Sarasvatī.vṛtti. The Kaśhi Sanskrit Series 83" (1982), Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan
- Rukmani, T. S., "Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa of Śaṅkara" (2001), Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
- Gharote, M. L., "Yuktabhavadeva (A Treatise on Yoga) of Bhavadeva Miśra" (2002), The Lonavla Yoga Institute
- Rukmani, T. S., "Yogavārttika of Vijñānabhukṣu: Text with English Translation and Critical Notes Along with the Text and English Translation of the Pātañlala Yogasūtras and Vyāsabhāṣya. Vol. 2" (1983), Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd
- Venkatesananda, Swami, "Vawiṣṭa's Yoga" (1993), State University of New York Press
- Divanji, P. C., "Yoga-Yājñavalkya" (1954), B.B.R.A. Society
- Catalogue. Gharote, M. L., "Descriptive Catalogue of Yoga Manuscripts" (2005), The Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M. Samiti
- 박영길, "『하타요가쁘라디삐까』(HathayogapradIpika)에서 쁘라나야마(pranayama)의 의미와 실천법", 인도철학, (25), pp.5~36 (2008), 인도철학회
- 박영길, "하타요가쁘라디삐까(Haṭhayogapradīpikā) 제 3장 <무드라>의 국역과 주해", 요가학연구, pp.47~102 (2009)
- 박영길, "하타(요가)쁘라디삐까(Haṭha(yoga)pradīpikā)의 명칭: 콜로폰과 카탈록 그리고 표준적 명칭에 대하여", 요가학연구, (3), pp.65~103 (2010)
- 정승석, "고전 요가 좌법의 다양성", 인도철학, (16), pp.247~283 (2004), 인도철학회
- 정승석, "고전요가의 부수적 좌법", 인도철학, (17), pp.69~90 (2004), 인도철학회
- 호이에르슈타인, 게오르규, "요가전통" (2008), 무우수
- Benerji, Sures Chandra, "Studies in Origin and Development of Yoga: From Vedic Times, in India and Abroad, with Texts and Translations of Pātañjala Yogasūtra and Haṭhayoga-pradīpikā" (1995), Punthi
- Bouy, Christian, "Les Nāthayogin et les Upaniṣads. Collége de France Publications de l'Institut de Civilisation Indienne, Fascicule 62. Paris: De Boccard", ~ (1994)
- Briggs, Geroge Weston, "Gorakhnātha and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs" (2009), Motilal Banarsidass
- Bühnemann, Gudrun, "Eighty-four Āsanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions (with Illustrations)" (2007), D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd
- Bühnemann, Gudrun, "The Identification of an Illustrated Haṭhayoga Manuscript and Its Significance for Traditions of 84 Āsanas in Yoga", Asain Medicine, 3, pp.156~176 (2007), Brill
- Eliade, Mercia, "Yoga: Immortality and Freedom" (1969), Princeton University Press
- Goodal, Dominic, "The Parakhyatantra, A Scripture of Śaiva Siddhānta: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation" (2004), Institue Français de Pondichery and Ecolo Française d'Exterême-Orient
- Kaul, H. Kumar, "Yoga in Hindu Scriptures" (1989), Surjeet Publications
- Kuvalayananda, Swami, "The Gorakṣaśataka: Its Original Text", Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 35, pp.129~134 (1954), Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
- Mittra, Dharma, "Asanas: 608 Yoga Postures" (2003), New World Library
- White, David Gordon, "The Alchemical Body" (1996), The University of Chicago Press
- Zvelebil, Kamil, "The Poets of the Powers" (1973), Rider & Company