독성각의 나반존자와 빈두로존자의 관계 재고

Abstract

This study aims to critically review the existing theory in which the Nabanjonja of Dokseonggak is regarded as the Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja of India and, based on this analysis, to assert that Nabanjonja is an arhat who integrated in himself all the characteristics of 16 Arhats. By examining the background of the establishment of Dokseonggak, this paper explains that this Jeongak was established in connection with the arhat faith in Korea. As the subject of the arhat faith changed from the state to individual level, it is supposed that Nabanjonja was separately enshrined at Dokseonggak. Nabanjonja designates the Nahandokseong, and I suggest that the terminology of Dokseong means not 'a saint who attained the highest state of enlightenment by practicing alone' but 'a saint who is alone'. In other words, Nabanjonja represents an arhat, and the name indicates 'a saint who lost himself in deep meditation (Seonjeong) all alone'. Next, I examined the characteristics of Nabanjonja described in Jakbeopguigam (the collection of Buddist rituals), according to which, Nabanjonja has the main characteristics of Eunggong, Shintong and Bokjeon all combined together. Furthermore, I found that although Nabanjonja has certain similarities with the Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja of India but, at the same time, there exist important differences between the two. By analyzing the contents of "Nahandaerye" and "Dokseong-cheong", I drew a conclusion that the similarities between Nabanjonja and Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja are not signs of close interrelatedness of the two, but should be regarded as identical with the integrative characteristics of 16 Arhats. Based on these findings, we can say that Nabanjonja is different from Piṇḍola Bhāradvāja, and that he was worshipped as a special kind of Jonja who represent all the characteristics of 16 Arhats. Although he conceals himself in the boundary of Seonjeong, he gives Bokjeon to all living beings in response to their prayers as a saint who practices Bodhisattva-practice. Therefore, we can understand Naban as a saint who stays at the boundary of the state of Seonjeong and the Jungsaenggye (world of all living beings). In the state of Seonjeong, he waits for the appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva, whereas in the Jungsaenggye, he bestows many favors on all living beings and eliminates all kinds of misfortunes. In other words, Nabanjonja is not an arhat who pursuits only his own nirvāṇa, but an arhat who practices the Way of Bodhisattva in Mahāyāna Buddhism. He is an Eunggong Arhat who always responds with Merciful Shintong to all those who dedicate truthful offerings to him.