비파형동검문화의 原고구려지역 유입과정에 관한 연구

Abstract

It has been indicated that the formation of ancient state is generally based on the metallurgy, particularly the development of bronze casting. The production and distribution of metal implement includes mining ores, refining coppers or temperingirons and process of alloy. This process requires the specialized craftsmen who manufacture metal implements and traders and administrators who control raw materials, production and exchanges. In specific, bronze represents the social rank of consumers as the prestige goods. The production and exchange of metal products therefore gives important clues to investigate the formation of ancient state because it represents the level of division of social hierarchy. The first Korean ancient state, Ko-Chosun (Old Chosun), was formed by the socio-economical development based on the metal products, particularly the Lute-shaped bronze dagger culture. The middle course of Yalu river(鴨綠江) basin and the Hun river(渾江) basin is the area where Koguryo developed is interrelated with the bronze culture of Liaodong(遼東), Jirin(吉林) and Chang chun(長春) provinces within the Lute-shaped bronze dagger culture. Around the 4th-3rd BC, estimated to the late Lute-shaped bronze dagger culture period, the Chinesetype iron culture introduced to the Liaodong province, the north Jirin province and the north western Korean peninsula and independent polity developed in each area. Firstly, the Liaodong province centred on the Yinjiacun(尹家村) site, positively introduced Yan(燕) type iron culture, and formed the polity, Liaodong recorded in ZhanGuoCe(the History books of Warring States period ; 戰國策), represented by the Xizhuli-Lianhuabao(細竹里-蓮花堡) type iron culture. Secondly, the north-western Korean peninsula below Cheongcheon river basin developed the tradition of bronze culture representedby the Narrow-shaped type bronze dagger culture(細形銅劍文化), it founded to the formation of Ko-Chosun. Thirdly, the early Narrow-shaped type bronze culture of the north Jirin province was based on the formation of Fuyu(扶餘) polity. Around the 3rd BC, the polity of Liaodong province was collapsed by the invasion of QinKai(秦開), general of Yan State(燕國), one group of migrants of that area moved to the north-western Korean peninsula and formed WiMan-Chosun(衛滿朝鮮) as overthrowing King Jun’s regime by the military coup; and the others migrated to the lower course of Yalu river basin, Huanren(桓仁), and Jian(集安), and accomplished cultural change as amalgamated with indigenous residences who robustly adhered to the tradition of Lute shaped bronze dagger culture in the proto-Koguryo area. It could be estimated that the proto-Koguryo society began at around the 3rd BC, because, a series of metal implements represented by the early Narrow-shaped bronze dagger of Liaodong type appeared in this phase. Although the residence of Koguryo adhered to the indigenous Lute-shaped bronze culture, they accomplish Koguryo type iron culture as successively absorbed to the iron culture of Liaodong and Jirin province. Hence, Koguryo overcame the geopolitical disadvantage which she located on the periphery area from the centre of iron culture, formed the polity as independently absorbing from the advanced culture based on the traditional culture, and accomplished the level of ancient state by merging neighbouring areas against the four Chinese commanderies. In this context, it is appropriated that the foundation of Koguryo state was accomplished by the successive cultural developmental process from the Bronze Age rather that in the 37 BC recorded in Samguksagi (the Annals of Three Kingdom Period)