숲정원 조성을 위한 음지식물의 생태 특성 분석
Ecological Characteristics of Sciophyte for Woodland Garden
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초록
근래 대중의 환경 의식이 향상되고 정원 및 녹지의 유지 및 관리에 드는 각종 자원들의 부족현상이 나타남에 따라, 생태 프로세스에 의지하여 관리될 수 있는 자연주의 식재 디자인에 대한 국내적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 자연주의 식재 디자인의 여러 하위유형 중 숲정원은 산림이나 소림의 식물군집을 모방하는 양식으로서, 도심지에서 타 유형의 정원이나 녹지에 비해 더욱 큰 환경 서비스 및 생태적 기능을 수행할 여지가 있다. 그러나 성공적인 숲정원의 설계 및 조성을 위해서는 산림식물군집의 생태적 특성에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 온대림 내부에서 형성되는 환경과 이러한 환경하에서 진화한 식물종들의 생태적 특성에 대한 문헌을 검토하고, 이들이 숲정원의 디자인 및 관리에 시사하는 바를 논의하였다. 일반적으로 산림 내부에는 공간적, 시간적으로 이질적인 환경이 조성되고, 자원이 부족하다. 이러한 환경 아래에서 음지식물은 다양한 적응적 특성을 갖추도록 진화하였고, 이러한 특성은 크게 스트레스 내성과 스트레스 회피의 두 유형으로 나눌 수 있었다. 스트레스 내성은 자원 포집과 보존 능력의 향상을 통해 달성되었으며, 스트레스 회피는 해빙기와 개엽에 따른 수관 폐쇄 사이의 자원공급이 풍부한 짧은 기간 동안 생활환을 마침으로써 달성되었다. 음지식물의 적응적 특성들은 독특한 잎의 형태나 색상, 질감 등 특유의 관상가치를 부여한다. 그러나 도시녹지에서 음지식물을 효과적으로 활용하기 위해서는 음지식물의 생태적 특징과 이에 따른 생육 요구조건을 고려하여 광환경과 토양환경, 기타 미기후를 조절함으로써 적절한 환경을 조성하는 것이 필수적이다.
Abstract
Due to increasing environmental awareness of the public and diminishing resources for maintenance of gardens and green spaces, naturalistic planting designs, which often rely on ecological processes for their maintenance, are beginning to attract attention in Korea. Among different subdivisions of naturalistic planting designs and garden styles, woodland garden, a style of naturalistic garden that mimics forest or woodland plant community, may provide greater ecosystem services in urban area compared to other types of gardens or green spaces. However, for successful designing and planting of woodland gardens, an understanding on the ecological characteristics of forest plant community is necessary. In this study, literature on environmental conditions that occur within temperate forests and the ecological traits of plants that evolve under such conditions were reviewed, and implications of such ecological traits for woodland garden design and management were discussed. In general, environment within forests are spatially and temporally heterogeneous and limited in resources. Sciophytes evolved various adaptive traits under such environment, which could be classified into two categories of stress tolerance and stress avoidance. Stress tolerance was achieved by enhancing capacity of resource capture and conservation, while stress avoidance was achieved by finishing life cycle within the short period of time between the spring thaw and the leafing out of canopy when resource availability is high. The adaptive traits of the sciophytes confer unique ornamental value to them, including unusual leaf shape, color, and texture. However, for effective use of sciophytes in urban landscape, adequate environment must be provided by modifying light, soil, and other microclimatic elements, in consideration of the ecological characteristics and cultural needs of sciophytes.
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