청자대우법의 화계와 해석
A Speech Level of the Hearer-oriented Honorific System and Its Construal
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the aspects of and problems with the existing systems regarding the hearer- oriented honorific system, to present a new speech level, and to construe its meaning. The results are as follows:First, the existing systems divide the speech level into 4 to 7 tiers, and establish a single or a dual (formal and informal) system. Honorifics are decided according to imperative suffixes and honorific awareness is regarded as an opposite system: ‘hadae-pyeongdae-jondae’Second, there are a number of problems with the existing system. Not only are its tiers and dimensions complex, with weak distinctiveness, but also honorifics such as ‘hasipsio’ and the low tier(‘hadae’) are not appropriate to the hearer-oriented honorific system, which does not accept the realization of a pre-final ending, ‘-si-. Third, the proposed alternative system consists of an unmarked speech level with a final ending and a marked speech level with a pre-final ending. This unmarked speech level is realized by ‘-ni/-eo’ in the first tier, ‘-neunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-pnika/-o/-yo’ in the third tier. The marked speech level is realized by ‘-sineunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-simnika/-sio/-syeyo/syeoyo’ in the third tier. The tiers in the unmarked speech level are fixed in discourse situations, while those in the marked speech level are optional. Lastly, the alternative system includes the practicalities of the hearer- oriented honorific system by setting up a marked speech level using the pre-final ending, ‘-si-’. It is divided into three tiers of honorifics according to the intention of the honorific system. The orm is a very distinctive interrogative suffix. Variant forms are established in the first and third tiers to diminish the confusion of the tiers. A simplification phenomenon of the honorific system, indicative of its functional relationship among language, human, and socio-cultural contexts, can currently be observed in the dropping of ‘ga[si]neunga’ and ‘ga[si]o’ by the younger generation.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the aspects of and problems with the existing systems regarding the hearer- oriented honorific system, to present a new speech level, and to construe its meaning. The results are as follows:First, the existing systems divide the speech level into 4 to 7 tiers, and establish a single or a dual (formal and informal) system. Honorifics are decided according to imperative suffixes and honorific awareness is regarded as an opposite system: ‘hadae-pyeongdae-jondae’Second, there are a number of problems with the existing system. Not only are its tiers and dimensions complex, with weak distinctiveness, but also honorifics such as ‘hasipsio’ and the low tier(‘hadae’) are not appropriate to the hearer-oriented honorific system, which does not accept the realization of a pre-final ending, ‘-si-. Third, the proposed alternative system consists of an unmarked speech level with a final ending and a marked speech level with a pre-final ending. This unmarked speech level is realized by ‘-ni/-eo’ in the first tier, ‘-neunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-pnika/-o/-yo’ in the third tier. The marked speech level is realized by ‘-sineunka’ in the second tier, and ‘-simnika/-sio/-syeyo/syeoyo’ in the third tier. The tiers in the unmarked speech level are fixed in discourse situations, while those in the marked speech level are optional. Lastly, the alternative system includes the practicalities of the hearer- oriented honorific system by setting up a marked speech level using the pre-final ending, ‘-si-’. It is divided into three tiers of honorifics according to the intention of the honorific system. The orm is a very distinctive interrogative suffix. Variant forms are established in the first and third tiers to diminish the confusion of the tiers. A simplification phenomenon of the honorific system, indicative of its functional relationship among language, human, and socio-cultural contexts, can currently be observed in the dropping of ‘ga[si]neunga’ and ‘ga[si]o’ by the younger generation.
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