Ideologies of American Universalism: A Theoretical Examination
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Abstract
Woosung KangThis paper attempts to reflect on the meaning of Lincoln's Unionist discourse in the context of American exceptionalism and black Americanism. Theoretical confusions concerning the notion of universality and universalism are critically examined for the purpose of historical approach as well as discursive analysis of American exceptionalism in its Unionist phase. The universality of American exceptionalism is double-edged in that it tries to propound the ideal of universal equality founded in Declaration while at the same time covertly delimits its application strictly among the whites. The exclusion of slave's equality from the proposition of the United States Constitution demonstrates a hidden consensus of discourses representative of universal Americanism. Lincoln's reformulation in the Emancipation Proclamation of the equality principle succeeds reviving the ideal universality in the Declaration but fails to establish itself as the model of racial relationship in America, thus once again co-opted to the ever powerful discursive drive of American exceptionalism. The failure of Lincoln manifests itself both in the deterioration of Unionist discourse into regional ideology of Unionism, which endorses the unbridled capitalist onset onto the deep South, and in the Black Americanism of Booker T. Washington, whose political eclecticism mixes up the racial issues with the regional ones. W. E. B. Du Bois's black universalism is meaningful and significant as a critique of false universality of American exceptionalism coupled with capitalist modernity, despite his limited vision of racial universality which does not include other races.
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