서부소설에 투영된 칼라일의 도덕적 영웅: 『버지니아인』의 카우보이 영웅론
The Westernization of the Carlylean Hero: Delineating the Cowboy Hero in Owen Wister's The Virginian
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초록
본 연구에서는 19세기 영국사상가 토마스 칼라일의 영웅숭배론과 의상철학을 통해 20세기 이후 문학과 예술의 서부장르를 확립한 것으로 평가받는 오웬 위스터의 『버지니아인』에 묘사된 카우보이 영웅의 특질을 분석함으로써 19세기 말 미국사회에 대한 작가적 진단과 처방을 살펴보고자 한다. 칼라일은 무력을 앞세우기보다 강인한 의지로 선을 구현하려는 도덕적 영웅이 종교적 권위가 무너지던 19세기에 적합한 권위를 담지하였다고 이해하였다. 이런 사실은 이상적 개인주의를 체화한 도덕적 영웅이야말로 19세기 말 미국사회의 다양화와 이질성 심화를 규합할 구심점이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 『버지니아인』은 서부 변경의 법질서를 확립하는 도덕적인 카우보이 영웅을 내세움으로써 19세기 미국의 사회적 논쟁을 텍스트로 소환하는 사실적 진단을 시도한다. 이와 동시에, 위 소설에서는 19세기 서부 변경의 영웅을 통해 청교도주의에 입각한 미국의 전통적 가치를 계승한다는 점에서, 자율적 개인이 사라지던 현실과 달리 낭만적 비전에 입각한 상상적 화합을 시도한다. 결국, 칼라일의 사상으로 들여다보면, 『버지니아인』은 19세기 말 미국의 사상, 계층, 지역적 분열과 통합이라는 국가적 의제를 건드리고 있음을 짐작할 수 있는 것이다.
Abstract
This study examines how Thomas Carlyle’s hero-worship and his philosophy of clothes are reflected in the characterization of a nameless cowboy hero in Owen Wister’s The Virginian. Denying religious formality and perfunctory lifestyles in the Victorian age, Carlyle stresses respecting heroes and cultivating spiritual refinement. Although his transcendentalism appealed to nineteenth-century Americans, his pro-slavery and anti-democracy on the basis of meritocratic hierarchy caused some heated social controversies in the northern and southern states. For this reason, Carlylean ideas provide a useful reference point to comprehend the delivery of contending dual messages in the novel. Concretely, the moral hero who inherited traditional American values shows an imaginary reconciliation of class, gender, and racial conflicts; conservative elites would regard him as restating law and order in the American West, while the advocates of mass democracy might think that anyone got a chance to be a hero on condition that he or she successfully cultivated moral integrity.
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