여성의 육체에 대한 여성의 권리: 마거릿 생어와 미국의 산아제한 운동
Woman’s Right for Woman’s Body: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
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The birth control was a movement with a continuous history from the mid-nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The birth-control movement passed through three distinct stages. Each stage was identified with a different term for reproductive control. The first was "voluntary motherhood," a slogan advanced by feminists in the second half of the nineteenth century. This is a view that disapproved of contraception and proposed long periods of sexual abstinence for married couples as the remedy for unwanted children. Stage two, approximately 1910-1920, produced the term "birth control." Margaret Sanger coined the term of "birth-control" in 1914 refers to her movement. It represented not only a new concept but a new organizational phase, with separate birth-control leagues created mainly by feminists in the large socialist movement. The final stage produced a new slogan, "planned parenthood," in the 1940s. The re-emergence of birth control as a respectable practice in the 20th Century was a process of changing sexual standards, largely produced by women's struggle for freedom. This study is about the history of sex and reproduction, to trace the influence of birth control as a social issue and social movement. Birth control was as much a symptom as a cause of larger social changes in the relations between sexes. The definition of the birth control is that the efforts to increase individual control over reproduction. This article argues that birth control has always been primarily an issue of politics, not of technology. It is true that there is the complexity of factors behind the politically, emotionally, and intellectually charged cultural battles over reproductive rights. Both the suppression and then the legalization of birth control were developments in the struggle between the sexes and the changing economic organization of society. The widespread public acceptance of birth control required a major reorientation of sexual values. This article tells that story from the point of view of those at the center of the conflict-women seeking sexual and reproductive self-determination. Margaret Sanger argued that the birth control would enhance the opportunities of women beyond the promises of economic reformers. It became a tool for redistributing power of fundamentally, in the bedroom, the home, and the larger community. For more than half a century, Sanger dedicated herself to the deceptively simple proposition that access to a safe and reliable means of preventing pregnancy is a necessary condition of women's liberation and, in turn, of human progress. Sanger popularized ideas and built institutions that have widespread influence today. She was widely eulogized as one of the great emancipators of her time. Birth control has fundamentally altered private life and public policy in the twentieth century. Since her death the rebirth of a vigorous feminist movement has given new resonance to her original claim that women have a fundamental right to control their own bodies.
Abstract
The birth control was a movement with a continuous history from the mid-nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The birth-control movement passed through three distinct stages. Each stage was identified with a different term for reproductive control. The first was "voluntary motherhood," a slogan advanced by feminists in the second half of the nineteenth century. This is a view that disapproved of contraception and proposed long periods of sexual abstinence for married couples as the remedy for unwanted children. Stage two, approximately 1910-1920, produced the term "birth control." Margaret Sanger coined the term of "birth-control" in 1914 refers to her movement. It represented not only a new concept but a new organizational phase, with separate birth-control leagues created mainly by feminists in the large socialist movement. The final stage produced a new slogan, "planned parenthood," in the 1940s. The re-emergence of birth control as a respectable practice in the 20th Century was a process of changing sexual standards, largely produced by women's struggle for freedom. This study is about the history of sex and reproduction, to trace the influence of birth control as a social issue and social movement. Birth control was as much a symptom as a cause of larger social changes in the relations between sexes. The definition of the birth control is that the efforts to increase individual control over reproduction. This article argues that birth control has always been primarily an issue of politics, not of technology. It is true that there is the complexity of factors behind the politically, emotionally, and intellectually charged cultural battles over reproductive rights. Both the suppression and then the legalization of birth control were developments in the struggle between the sexes and the changing economic organization of society. The widespread public acceptance of birth control required a major reorientation of sexual values. This article tells that story from the point of view of those at the center of the conflict-women seeking sexual and reproductive self-determination. Margaret Sanger argued that the birth control would enhance the opportunities of women beyond the promises of economic reformers. It became a tool for redistributing power of fundamentally, in the bedroom, the home, and the larger community. For more than half a century, Sanger dedicated herself to the deceptively simple proposition that access to a safe and reliable means of preventing pregnancy is a necessary condition of women's liberation and, in turn, of human progress. Sanger popularized ideas and built institutions that have widespread influence today. She was widely eulogized as one of the great emancipators of her time. Birth control has fundamentally altered private life and public policy in the twentieth century. Since her death the rebirth of a vigorous feminist movement has given new resonance to her original claim that women have a fundamental right to control their own bodies.
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