The Debate on The Vision of Manhood between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
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This article explores the ways in which black intellectuals Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois develop models of black masculinity that serve the purposes and needs of their respective historical moments. By navigating the trajectory of the competing yet overlapping visions of masculinity Washington and Du Bois constructed, I argue that these black intellectuals sought to rebut the primitive, “unmanly” images projected onto blacks to become part of the dominant (white) society. For both, establishing the terms of leadership for racial uplift was intimately connected with the definition of black manhood. Therefore, Washington and Du Bois actively strove to defy the stereotype of the black rapist by demonstrating the extent to which they are civilized. Simultaneously, Du Bois and Washington’s insistence on civilization runs the “risk” of effeminizing them and African American men in general, when both figures urgently seek to construct their masculine identity as a representative African American leader.
Abstract
This article explores the ways in which black intellectuals Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois develop models of black masculinity that serve the purposes and needs of their respective historical moments. By navigating the trajectory of the competing yet overlapping visions of masculinity Washington and Du Bois constructed, I argue that these black intellectuals sought to rebut the primitive, “unmanly” images projected onto blacks to become part of the dominant (white) society. For both, establishing the terms of leadership for racial uplift was intimately connected with the definition of black manhood. Therefore, Washington and Du Bois actively strove to defy the stereotype of the black rapist by demonstrating the extent to which they are civilized. Simultaneously, Du Bois and Washington’s insistence on civilization runs the “risk” of effeminizing them and African American men in general, when both figures urgently seek to construct their masculine identity as a representative African American leader.
참고문헌 (12)
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- Bederman, Gail, "Manliness & Civilization A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917" (1995), U of Chicago P
- Carby, Hazel V, "Race Men" (2000), Harvard UP
- Du Bois, W.E.B., "The Souls of Black Folk" (2003), Barnes and Noble
- Gibson, Donald B, "Strategies and Revisions of Self-Representation in Booker T. Washington’s Autobiography", American Quarterly, 45(3), pp.370~393 (1993)
- Hartman, Saidiya V, "Scenes of Subjection : Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America" (1997), Oxford UP
- Pochmara, Anna, "The Making of the New Negro : Black Authorship, Masculinity, and Sexuality in the Harlem Renaissance" (2011), Amsterdam UP
- Ross, Marlon B, "Manning the Race : Reforming Black Men in the Jim Crow Era" (2004), New York UP
- Summers, Martin, "Manliness and Its Discontents : The Black Middle Class and the Transformation of Masculinity, 1900-1930" (2004), U of North Carolina P
- Sussman, Herbert, "Masculine Identities : The History and Meanings of Manliness" (2012), Praeger
- Wallace, Maurice O, "Constructing the Black Masculine : Identity and Ideality in African American Men’s Literature and Culture, 1775-1995" (2002), Duke UP
- Washington, Booker T, "Up from Slavery: An Autobiography" (2014), Cambridge UP