Three Streams for the Mechanism of Hair Graying
3
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Hair graying is an obvious sign of human aging. Although graying has been investigated extensively, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reviewed previous studies on the mechanism of graying and seek to offer some new insights. The traditional view is that hair graying is caused by exhaustion of the pigmentary potential of the melanocytes of hair bulbs. Melanocyte dysfunction may be attributable to the effects of toxic reactive oxygen species on melanocyte nuclei and mitochondria. A recent study suggests that bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) are the key cells in play. Graying may be caused by defective MSC self-maintenance, not by any deficiency in bulbar melanocytes. Our previous study suggested that graying may be principally attributable to active hair growth. Active hair growth may produce oxidative or genotoxic stress in hair bulge. These internal stress may cause eventually depletion of MSC in the hair follicles. Taken together, hair graying may be caused by MSC depletion by genotoxic stress in the hair bulge. Hair graying may also be sometimes caused by dysfunction of the melanocytes by oxidative stress in the hair bulb. In addition, hair graying may be attributable to MSC depletion by active hair growth.
Abstract
Hair graying is an obvious sign of human aging. Although graying has been investigated extensively, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reviewed previous studies on the mechanism of graying and seek to offer some new insights. The traditional view is that hair graying is caused by exhaustion of the pigmentary potential of the melanocytes of hair bulbs. Melanocyte dysfunction may be attributable to the effects of toxic reactive oxygen species on melanocyte nuclei and mitochondria. A recent study suggests that bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) are the key cells in play. Graying may be caused by defective MSC self-maintenance, not by any deficiency in bulbar melanocytes. Our previous study suggested that graying may be principally attributable to active hair growth. Active hair growth may produce oxidative or genotoxic stress in hair bulge. These internal stress may cause eventually depletion of MSC in the hair follicles. Taken together, hair graying may be caused by MSC depletion by genotoxic stress in the hair bulge. Hair graying may also be sometimes caused by dysfunction of the melanocytes by oxidative stress in the hair bulb. In addition, hair graying may be attributable to MSC depletion by active hair growth.
참고문헌 (48)
- Keogh EV, "Rate of greying of human hair", Nature, 207, pp.877~878 (1965)[DOI]
- Panhard S, "Greying of the human hair: a worldwide survey, revisiting the '50' rule of thumb", Br J Dermatol, 167, pp.865~873 (2012)[DOI]
- Lison M, "Progressive spastic paraparesis, vitiligo, premature graying, and distinct facial appearance: a new genetic syndrome in 3 sibs", Am J Med Genet, 9, pp.351~357 (1981)[DOI]
- Shin H, "Association of premature hair graying with family history, smoking, and obesity: a cross-sectional study", J Am Acad Dermatol, 72, pp.321~327 (2015)[DOI]
- Tobin DJ, "Graying: gerontobiology of the hair follicle pigmentary unit", Exp Gerontol, 36, pp.29~54 (2001)[DOI]
- Trueb RM, "Aging hair", pp.77~89 (2010), Springer
- Doubaj Y, "An inherited LMNA gene mutation in atypical Progeria syndrome", Am J Med Genet A, 158A, pp.2881~2887 (2012)[DOI]
- Di Giacomo TB, "Chloroquine - induced hair depigmentation", Lupus, 18, pp.264~266 (2009)[DOI]
- Donovan JC, "Images in clinical medicine. Chloroquine-induced hair hypopigmentation", N Engl J Med, 363, pp.372~ (2010)[DOI]
- Chakrabarty S, "Factors associated with premature hair graying in a young Indian population", Int J Trichology, 8, pp.11~14 (2016)[DOI]
- Seiberg M, "Age-induced hair greying - the multiple effects of oxidative stress", Int J Cosmet Sci, 35, pp.532~538 (2013)[DOI]
- Commo S, "Human hair greying is linked to a specific depletion of hair follicle melanocytes affecting both the bulb and the outer root sheath", Br J Dermatol, 150, pp.435~443 (2004)[DOI]
- Arck PC, "Towards a "free radical theory of graying": melanocyte apoptosis in the aging human hair follicle is an indicator of oxidative stress induced tissue damage", FASEB J, 20, pp.1567~1569 (2006)[DOI]
- Wood JM, "Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair", FASEB J, 23, pp.2065~2075 (2009)[DOI]
- Slominski A, "Hair follicle pigmentation", J Invest Dermatol, 124, pp.13~21 (2005)[DOI]
- Seiberg M, "Keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions during melanosome transfer", Pigment Cell Res, 14, pp.236~242 (2001)[DOI]
- Joshi PG, "Melanocyte-keratinocyte interaction induces calcium signalling and melanin transfer to keratinocytes", Pigment Cell Res, 20, pp.380~384 (2007)
- Nagl W, "Different growth rates of pigmented and white hair in the beard: differentiation vs. proliferation?", Br J Dermatol, 132, pp.94~97 (1995)[DOI]
- Slominski A, "Melanogenesis is coupled to murine anagen: toward new concepts for the role of melanocytes and the regulation of melanogenesis in hair growth", J Invest Dermatol, 101(1 Suppl), pp.90S~97S (1993)[DOI]
- Slominski A, "Melanocytes as "sensory" and regulatory cells in the epidermis", J Theor Biol, 164, pp.103~120 (1993)[DOI]
- Slominski A, "Neuroendocrine system of the skin", Dermatology, 211, pp.199~208 (2005)[DOI]
- Ito N, "Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol", FASEB J, 19, pp.1332~1334 (2005)[DOI]
- Kauser S, "A fully functional proopiomelanocortin", melanocortin-1 receptor system regulates the differentiation of human scalp hair follicle melanocytes, 2005, pp.146, 532~543
- Kauser S, "Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropinreleasing hormone and urocortin peptides", FASEB J, 20, pp.882~895 (2006)[DOI]
- Tobin DJ, "Hair melanocytes as neuro-endocrine sensors--pigments for our imagination", Mol Cell Endocrinol, 243, pp.1~11 (2005)[DOI]
- Schneider MR, "The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan", Curr Biol, 19, pp.R132~R142 (2009)[DOI]
- Meyer KC, "The alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone-related tripeptide K(D)PT stimulates human hair follicle pigmentation in situ under proinflammatory conditions", Br J Dermatol, 160, pp.433~437 (2009)[DOI]
- Paus R, "Neuroendocrine perspectives in alopecia areata: does stress play a role?", J Invest Dermatol, 129, pp.1324~1326 (2009)[DOI]
- Paus R, "A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 24, pp.89~106 (2011)[DOI]
- Takada K, "Presence of amelanotic melanocytes within the outer root sheath in senile white hair", J Invest Dermatol, 99, pp.629~633 (1992)[DOI]
- Horikawa T, "DOPA-negative melanocytes in the outer root sheath of human hair follicles express premelanosomal antigens but not a melanosomal antigen or the melanosome-associated glycoproteins tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2", J Invest Dermatol, 106, pp.28~35 (1996)[DOI]
- Nishimura EK, "Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche", Science, 307, pp.720~724 (2005)[DOI]
- Nishimura EK, "Key roles for transforming growth factor beta in melanocyte stem cell maintenance", Cell Stem Cell, 6, pp.130~140 (2010)[DOI]
- Nishimura EK, "Melanocyte stem cells: a melanocyte reservoir in hair follicles for hair and skin pigmentation", Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 24, pp.401~410 (2011)[DOI]
- Tanimura S, "Hair follicle stem cells provide a functional niche for melanocyte stem cells", Cell Stem Cell, 8, pp.177~187 (2011)[DOI]
- Inomata K, "Genotoxic stress abrogates renewal of melanocyte stem cells by triggering their differentiation", Cell, 137, pp.1088~1099 (2009)[DOI]
- Valluet A, "B-Raf and C-Raf are required for melanocyte stem cell self-maintenance", Cell Rep, 2, pp.774~780 (2012)[DOI]
- Lee JH, "Melanocyte stem cells as potential therapeutics in skin disorders", Expert Opin Biol Ther, 14, pp.1569~1579 (2014)[DOI]
- Choi YJ, "Changing expression of the genes related to human hair graying", Eur J Dermatol, 18, pp.397~399 (2008)
- Van Neste D, "Thickness, medullation and growth rate of female scalp hair are subject to significant variation according to pigmentation and scalp location during ageing", Eur J Dermatol, 14, pp.28~32 (2004)
- Choi HI, "Hair greying is associated with active hair growth", Br J Dermatol, 165, pp.1183~1189 (2011)[DOI]
- Shimomura Y, "Characterization of human keratin-associated protein 1 family members", J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 8, pp.96~99 (2003)[DOI]
- Schweizer J, "Hair follicle-specific keratins and their diseases", Exp Cell Res, 313, pp.2010~2020 (2007)[DOI]
- Ota Y, "Fibroblast growth factor 5 inhibits hair growth by blocking dermal papilla cell activation", Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 290, pp.169~176 (2002)[DOI]
- Drogemuller C, "Mutations within the FGF5 gene are associated with hair length in cats", Anim Genet, 38, pp.218~221 (2007)[DOI]
- Danilenko DM, "Keratinocyte growth factor is an important endogenous mediator of hair follicle growth, development, and differentiation. Normalization of the nu", nu follicular differentiation defect and amelioration of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, 1995, pp.147, 145~154
- Guo L, "Keratinocyte growth factor is required for hair development but not for wound healing", Genes Dev, 10, pp.165~175 (1996)[DOI]
- Mizuno S, "Retrotransposon-mediated Fgf5(go-Utr) mutant mice with long pelage hair", Exp Anim, 60, pp.161~167 (2011)[DOI]