소아의 걱정증상 및 애착 양상과 소아가 인지하는 부모의 양육태도와의 관계
Relations between Worry, Attachment Styles and Perceived Parental Rearing in Primary School Children
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연구배경: 걱정은 불안장애의 핵심증상이지만 불안장애를 가진 소아뿐만 아니라 정상 소아에서도 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 걱정증상과 가족 환경 요소, 특히 소아가 인지하는 부모의 양육 태도 및 애착 양상과의 관계에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2007년 10월부터 12월까지 서울시와 성남시에 있는 초등학교 2곳에서 3, 4, 5, 6학년 학생 총 549명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 대상자 중 40명이 검사에 동의하지 않아 7.3%의 거부율을 보였다. 걱정증상, 애착양상 및 인지된 부모의 양육 태도는 각각 설문을 통해 조사하였다. 결과: 내적 일치도에 의한 걱정증상 설문(PSWQ-C; Cronbach's α 0.92) 및 소아에게 인지된 부모 양육태도 설문(Modified EMBU-C; Cronbach's α 0.64∼0.89)의 신뢰도는 적절하였다. 약 22.4%의 소아가 비안정적인 애착(회피적 또는 양가적 애착)을 가지고 있었고 남아 및 여아 모두에서 걱정증상 점수가 높았다. 부모의 양육태도가 불안적(anxious rearing)이라고 인식하는 경우 자신을 양가적인 애착을 가지고 있다고 분류하는 경우가 많았으며, 부모의 양육태도가 거부적(rejection)이라고 인식한 경우에는 자신을 회피적 혹은 양가적 애착을 가지고 있다고 분류하는 경우가 많았다. 걱정증상은 부모의 양육태도가 감정적으로 따뜻하다고 느낀 경우 유의하게 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, 거부적 혹은 불안적 양육태도와 걱정증상 사이에는 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 소아의 걱정증상은 소아에게 인지된 부모의 양육태도 및 애착 방식과 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 소아가 발달하면서 가지게 되는 애착 양상이 안정적이지 못하고 부모의 양육태도가 감정적으로 따뜻하다고 인식하지 못하면 불안장애의 핵심 증상인 걱정의 강도가 높아진다는 사실을 나타낸다.
Abstract
Background: Worry, a core feature of anxiety disorder, is shown in not only children with anxiety disorder but also normal children. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between worry and family environment factors, especially, perceived parental rearing and attachment styles among children. Methods: Five hundred and nine children participated in this study among 549 children in third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades in two primary schools located in Seoul and Seongnam from October 2007 to December 2007. Forty children did not agree with participation (rejection rate: 7.3%). Their degrees of worry, attachment styles and perceived parental rearing were investigated with questionnaires. Results: The reliability of a questionnaire asking children's worry, PSWQ-C and a questionnaire asking perceived parental rearing, modified EMBU-C was appropriate with internal consistency (Cronbach's α of PSWQ- C: 0.92, Cronbach's α of modified EMBU-C: 0.68∼0.89). Around 22.4% of children had insecure attachment (avoidant or ambivalent attachment) and scores of worry were high in both girls and boys. When children perceived their parental rearing behavior as anxious rearing, they were classified to have ambivalent attachment in many cases by themselves. And when they perceived the rearing as rejection many of them were classified to have avoidant or ambivalent attachment by themselves. Worry showed a significantly negative correlation in the cases where children answered their perceived parental rearing as emotional warmth and showed a significantly positive correlation with rejective and anxious rearing. Conclusion: This study found that children's worry was closely related with their perceived parental rearing and attachment styles. If the children's attachment, which has been developed while they have grown up, was insecure and they did not perceive parental rearing as emotional warmth, the intensity of worry, a core symptom of anxiety disorder, increased.
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