본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

스트레스의 두뇌 과학적 이해

Understanding Stress by Neuroscience

2

조회

0

다운로드

9

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류가정의학

초록

개체가 ‘스트레스 인자(stressor)’에 노출되면 일련의 스트레스 반응이 일어난다. 뇌하수체-부신 축 활성화를 포함하여 내분비계, 자율신경계, 면역계 등의 생리적 변화가 일어나며, 심리적 측면으로 각성수준, 기억, 정서 등이 다양하게 변화한다. 이러한 기저에는 두뇌의 변화가 가장 중심적인 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 스트레스의 행동적, 생리학적 반응을 매개하는 주요 조절자 역할을 하는 두뇌의 변화를 뇌신경과학적 측면에서 고찰하고자 한다. 스트레스 반응에는 시상하부(hypothalamus), 중격-해마 시스템(septohippocamplal system), 편도(amygdala), 대상회 및 전전두엽 피질(cingulate and prefrontal cortex) 등의 전뇌(forebrain) 부위와 뇌간 카테콜라민 세포군(brainstem catecholamine cell body group; nucleus of the tractus solitaris의 A2/C2 세포군, ventrolateral medulla의 A1/C1 세포군, locus coeruleus의 A6 세포군), 방완핵(parabrachial nucleus), 설상핵(cuneiform nucleus), 배측 봉선핵(dorsal raphe nucleus) 등 매우 다양한 뇌 부위가 관여한다. 이러한 뇌의 여러 영역의 활성 변화를 크게 변연계-시상하부-뇌하수체-부신 축(limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, LHPA)과 청반-노르에피네프린/자율신경계(locus ceruleus-norepinephrine, LC-NE/autonomic) 경로로 구분할 수 있다. 본 논문은 스트레스 반응에 있어 중추적인 역할을 한다고 알려진 LPHA와 LC-NE 시스템을 중심으로 하여 스트레스 반응의 신경생물학적 기전과 스트레스 시스템 과활성과 관련된 질환의 발병과의 연관성에 대하여 뇌신경과학적 접근을 통하여 고찰하여 스트레스 상황을 많이 접하는 일차 진료의로서 스트레스에 대한 이해를 심화할 수 있는 목적으로 작성되었다.

Abstract

Understanding Stress by NeuroscienceSu-Jung Yoon, M.D., Tae-Suk Kim, M.D., Jeong-Ho Chae, M.D., Ph.D.†

참고문헌 (108)

  1. Levine S, "What id stress? In: Brown MR, Koob GF, River C, editors. Stress, neurobiology and neuroendocrinology", pp.1~21 (1991), New York: Marcel Dekker
  2. Selye H, "The stress of life" (1956), New York: MaGraw Hill
  3. Burchfield SR, "The stress response: a new perspective", Psychosom Med, (41), pp.661~672 (1979)
  4. Chrousos GP, "The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis", JAMA, (267), pp.1244~1252 (1992)
  5. Van de Kar LD, "Forebrain pathways mediating stress-induced hormone secretion.", Front Neuroendocrinol, (20), pp.1~48 (1999)
  6. Tsigos C, "tress, endocrine manifestations, and diseases. In: Cooper CL, editor. Handbook of stress, medicine, and health", pp.61~85 (1995), CRC Press
  7. Keller-Wood ME, "Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion", Endocr Rev, (5), pp.1~24 (1984)
  8. McEwen BS, "orticostreone binding to hippocampus: immediate and delayed influences of the absence of adrenal secretion", Brain Res, (70), pp.321~334 (1974)
  9. Selye H, "The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation.", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, (6), pp.117~230 (1946)
  10. Amiragova MG, "Neurophysiological analysis of the development of endocrine and hypertensive reactions in prolonged emotional stress", Brain Res, (344), pp.303~315 (1985)
  11. Korte SM, "Mesencephalic cuneiform nucleus and its ascending and descending projections serve stress-related cardiovascular responses in the rat", J Auton Nerv Syst, (41), pp.157~176 (1992)
  12. Pezzone MA, "nduction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli", Brain Res, (597), pp.41~50 (1992)
  13. Davis M, "Stress-induced activation of prefrontal cortex dopamine turnover: blockade by lesions of the amygdala", Brain Res, (664), pp.207~210 (1994)
  14. Davis M, "Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety", Trends Neurosci, (17), pp.208~214 (1994)
  15. LeDoux JE, "Emotion: clues from the brain", Annu Rev Psychol, (46), pp.209~235 (1995)
  16. Petrov T, "Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala induces fos-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of the rat: a quantitative study", Brain Res Mol Brain Res, (22), pp.333~340 (1994)
  17. Petrov T, "Chemically defined collateral projections from the pons to the central nucleus of the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat", Cell Tissue Res, (277), pp.289~295 (1994)
  18. Wallace DM, "rganization of amygdaloid projections to brainstem dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic cell groups in the rat", Brain Res Bull, (28), pp.447~454 (1992)
  19. Cullinan WE, "Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis", J Comp Neurol, (332), pp.1~20 (1993)
  20. Gray TS, "Direct projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release", Neuroendocrinology, (50), pp.433~446 (1989)
  21. Gray TS, "Amygdaloid CRF pathways. Role in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to stress.", Ann NY Acad Sci, (697), pp.53~60 (1993)
  22. Gray TS, "Ibotenic acid lesions in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis attenuate conditioned stress-induced increases in prolactin, ACTH and corticosterone", Neuroendocrinology, (57), pp.517~524 (1993)
  23. Feldman S, "Adrenocortical responses following sciatic nerve stimulation in rats with partial hypothalamic deafferentations", Acta Endocrinol, (80), pp.625~629 (1975)
  24. Swanson LW, "Hypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei", Annu Rev Neurosci, (6), pp.269~324 (1983)
  25. Swanson LW, "The hypothalamus. In: Bjorklund A. Hokfelt T, Swanson LW, editors. Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy: integrated systems of the CNS", pp.1~124 (1987), Amsterdam: Elsevier
  26. Cole RL, "eurotransmitter regulation of cellular activation and neuropeptide gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus", J Neurosci, (22), pp.959~969 (2002)
  27. Penalva RG, "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1-deficiency enhances hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission: an in vivo microdialysis study in mutant mice", Neuroscience, (109), pp.253~266 (2002)
  28. Koob GF, "Corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, and stress", Biol Psychiatry, (46), pp.1167~1180 (1999)
  29. Valentino RJ, "The locus coereleus as a site for integrating corticotropin-releasing factor and noradrenergic mediation of stress responses", Ann NY Acad Sci, (697), pp.173~188 (1993)
  30. Kirby LG, "Effects of corticotropin- releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus", Neuropsychopharmacology, (22), pp.148~162 (2000)
  31. Lowry CA, "Corticotropin-releasing factor increases in vitro firing rates of serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: evidence for activation of a topographically organized mesolimbocortical serotonergic system", J Neurosci, (20), pp.7728~7736 (2000)
  32. Valentino RJ, "Evidence for regional heterogenity in corticotropin-releasing factor interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus", J Comp Neurol, (435), pp.450~463 (2001)
  33. Aghajanian GK, "Intracellular identification of central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons by a new double labelling procedure", J Neurosci, (2), pp.1786~1792 (1982)
  34. Calogero AE, "Multiple feedback regulatory loops upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin- releasing hormone secretion. Potential clinical implications.", J Clin Invest, (82), pp.767~774 (1988)
  35. Strakakis CA, "Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system", Ann NY Acad Sci, (771), pp.1~18 (1995)
  36. Strakakis CA, "Neuroendocrinology of stress: implications for growth and development", Horm Res, (43), pp.162~167 (1995)
  37. Swanson LW, "Differential steroid hormone and neural influences on peptide mRNA levels in CRH cells of the paraventricular nucleus: a hybridization histochemical study in the rat", J Comp Neurol, (285), pp.413~435 (1989)
  38. Yi SJ, "Effects of a specific glucocorticoid receptor antagonist on corticotropin releasing hormone gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the neuronal rat", Brain Res Dev Brain Res, (73), pp.253~259 (1993)
  39. Meijer OC, "Corticosterone and serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus: functional implications of central corticosteroid receptor diversity", Crit Rev Neurobiol, (12), pp.1~20 (1998)
  40. Meijer OC, "Acute rise in corticosterone facilitates 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated behavioral responses", Eur J Pharmacol, (351), pp.7~14 (1998)
  41. Evans RM, "A molecular framework for the actions of glucocorticoid hormones in the nervous system.", Neuron, (2), pp.1105~1112 (1989)
  42. Gesing A, "Psychological stress increases hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor levels: involvement of corticotropin- releasing hormone", J Neurosci, (21), pp.4822~4829 (2001)
  43. de Kloet ER, "Stress in brain", Eur J Pharmacol, (405), pp.187~198 (2000)
  44. Sala M, "Stress and hippocampal abnormalities in psychiatric disorders", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, (14), pp.393~405 (2004)
  45. Oitzl MS, "Corticosterone, brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: the Lewis rat as an example of increased central MR capacity and a hyporesponsive HPA axis", Psychoneuroendocrinology, (20), pp.655~675 (1995)
  46. van Haarst AD, "Facilitation of feedback inhibition through blockade of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus", Neurochem Res, (22), pp.1323~1328 (1997)
  47. De Souza EB, "Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors: physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry and role in central nervous system and immune disorders", Psychoneuroendocrinology, (20), pp.789~819 (1995)
  48. Dunn AJ, "Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses?", Brain Res Rev Brain Res, (15), pp.71~100 (1990)
  49. Owens MJ, "The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the pathophysiology of affective and anxiety disorders: laboratory and clinical studies", Ciba Found Symp, (172), pp.296~308 (1993)
  50. Vale W, "Characterization of a 41- residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin", Science, (213), pp.1394~1397 (1981)
  51. Van de Kar LD, "Neuroendocrine pharmacology of serotonergic (5-HT) neuron", Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, (31), pp.289~320 (1991)
  52. Bittencourt JC, "Do centrally administered neuropeptides access cognate receptors: an analysis in the central corticotropin-releasing factor system", J Neurosci, (20), pp.1142~1156 (2000)
  53. Dautzenberg FM, "The CRF peptide family and their receptors: yet more partners discovered", Trends Pharmacol Sci, (23), pp.71~77 (2002)
  54. Reul JM, "Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 in anxiety and depression", Ourr Opin Pharmacol, (2), pp.23~33 (2002)
  55. Chang CP, "nd, O’Connell S, Rosenfeld MG. Identification of a seven transmembrane helix receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor and sauvagine in mammalian brain", Neuron, (11), pp.1187~1195 (1993)
  56. Chen R, "Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptors", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (90), pp.8967~8971 (1993)
  57. Vita N, "Primary structure and functional expression of mouse pituitary and human brain corticotropin releasing factor receptor", FEBS Lett, (335), pp.1~5 (1993)
  58. Perrin M, "Identification of a second corticotropin- releasing factor receptor gene and characterization of a cDNA expressed in heart.", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (92), pp.2969~2979 (1995)
  59. Arai M, "Characterization of three corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in catfish: a novel third receptor is predominantly expressed in pituitary and urophysis", Endocrinology, (142), pp.446~454 (2001)
  60. Primus RJ, "Autoradiographic localization of CRF1 and CRF2 binding sites in adult rat brain", Neuropsychopharmacology, (17), pp.308~316 (1997)
  61. Chalmers DT, "Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression", J Neurosci, (15), pp.6340~6350 (1995)
  62. Britton DR, "Dexamethasone suppresses pituitary-adrenal but not behavioral effects of centrally administered CRF", Life Sci, (38), pp.211~216 (1986)
  63. Eaves M, "Effects of corticotropin releasing factor on locolotor activity in hypophysectomized rats", Peptides, (6), pp.923~926 (1985)
  64. Curtis AL, "Pharmacological comparison of two corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists: in vivo and in vitro studies", J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (268), pp.359~365 (1994)
  65. Vaughan J, "Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor", Nature, (378), pp.287~292 (1995)
  66. Krahn DD, "CRF antagonist partially reverses CRF- and stress-induced effects on feeding", Brain Res Bull, (17), pp.285~289 (1986)
  67. Stenzel-Poore MP, "Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: a genetic model of anxiogenic behavior", J Neurosci, (14), pp.2579~2584 (1994)
  68. Smith GW, "Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1- deficient mice display decreased anxiety, impaired stress response, and aberrant neuroendocrine development", Neuron, (20), pp.1093~1102 (1998)
  69. Van Bockstaele EJ, "Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the coordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response", J Neuroendocrinol, (10), pp.743~757 (1998)
  70. Korf J Aghajanian GK, "Increased turnover of norepinephrine in the rat cerebral cortex during stress: role of the locus coeruleus", Neuropharmacology, (12), pp.933~938 (1973)
  71. Melia KR, "nvolvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in chronic stress regulation of the brain noradrenergic system", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (88), pp.8382~8386 (1991)
  72. Cassens G, "Alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock", Science, (209), pp.1138~1140 (1980)
  73. Foote SL, "Pharmacology and physiology of central noradrenergic systems. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, editors. Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress", pp.335~345 (1995), New York: Raven Press
  74. Robbins TW, "Central norepinephrine neurons and behavior. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, editors. Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress", pp.363~372 (1995), New York: Raven Press
  75. Brown MR, "Corticotropin-releasing factor: effects on the sympathetic nervous system and oxygen consumption", Life Sci, (30), pp.207~210 (1982)
  76. Fisher LA, "Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): central effects on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in rats", Endocrinology, (110), pp.2222~2224 (1982)
  77. Chappell PB, "Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor- like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress", J Neurosci, (6), pp.2908~2914 (1986)
  78. Dunn AJ, "Corticotropin-releasing factor administration elicits a stress-like activation of cerebral catecholaminergic systems", Pharmacol Biochem Behav, (27), pp.685~691 (1987)
  79. Swiergiel AH, "Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the locus coeruleus attenuates shock-induced freezing in rats", Brain Res, (587), pp.263~268 (1992)
  80. Pacak K, "Stress-induced norepinephrine release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and pituitary-adrenocortical and sympathoadrenal activity: in vivo microdialysis studies", Front Neuroendocrinol, (16), pp.89~150 (1995)
  81. Alonso G, "Immunocytochemical evidence for stimulatory control by ventral noradrenergic bundle of parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus secreting corticotropin releasing hormone and vasopressin in rats", Brain Res, (397), pp.297~307 (1986)
  82. Liposits Z, "Synaptic interaction of serotonergic axons and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study", Histochemistry, (86), pp.541~549 (1987)
  83. Phelix CF, "Catecholamine-CRF synaptic interaction in a septal bed nucleus: afferents of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis", Brain Res Bull, (33), pp.109~119 (1994)
  84. Pacak K, "Effects of immobilization on in vivo release of norepinephrine in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in conscious rats", Brain Res, (688), pp.242~246 (1995)
  85. Lee Y, "Role of the hippocampus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the amygdala in the excitatory effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone on the acoustic startle refle", J Neurosci, (17), pp.6434~6446 (1997)
  86. Liang KC, "Corticotropin-releasing factor: long-lasting facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex", J Neurosci, (12), pp.2303~2312 (1992)
  87. Liang KC, "Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects if corticotropin-releasing factor on acoustic startle reflex", J Neurosci, (12), pp.2313~2320 (1992)
  88. Quirarte GL, "Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs", Brain Res, (808), pp.134~140 (1998)
  89. Raber J, "Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release from the amygdala and involves a nitric oxide-mediated signaling; comparison with the hypothalamic response", J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (272), pp.815~824 (1995)
  90. Baxter JD, "The adrenal cortex. In: Felig P, Baxter JD, Broauds AE, Frohman LA, editors. Endocrinology and metabolism", pp.385~511 (1987), New York: McGraw-Hill
  91. Brindley DN, "Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis", Clin Sci, (77), pp.453~461 (1989)
  92. Brindley DN, "Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relations to pharmacological actions", Endocr Rev, (5), pp.25~44 (1984)
  93. Cahill L, "Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory", Trends Neurosci, (21), pp.294~299 (1998)
  94. Lupien S, "Stress, glucocorticoids and hippocampus aging in rat and human. In: Wang E, Snyder S, editors. Handbook of human aging", pp.19~50 (1998), New York: Academic press
  95. Nemeroff CB, "The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: new findings and new directions", Mol Psychiatry, (1), pp.336~342 (1996)
  96. Woolley CS, "Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons", Brain Res, (531), pp.225~231 (1990)
  97. Magarinos AM, "Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews", J Neuosci, (16), pp.3534~3540 (1996)
  98. Magarinos AM, "Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (94), pp.4002~4008 (1997)
  99. Mizoguchi K, "Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats", Neurosci Lett, (138), pp.157~160 (1992)
  100. Duman RS, "Regulation of adult neurogenesis by antidepressant treatment", Neuropsychopharmacology, (25), pp.836~844 (2001)
  101. Schulkin J, "Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implication for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load", Psychoneuroendocrinology, (23), pp.219~243 (1998)
  102. Gold PW, "Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression. Relation to the neurobiology of stress. (1)", N Engl J Med, (319), pp.348~353 (1988)
  103. Chrousos GP, "Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture", Ann NY Acad Sci, (851), pp.311~335 (1998)
  104. 정용안, "외상 후 스트레스장애 환자의 대뇌 관류 변화", 한불안장애학회 춘계학술대회 초록집 (2004), 서울:대한불안장애학회
  105. Chae JH, "Dimensional complexity of the EEG in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder", Psychiatry Res, (131), pp.79~89 (2004)
  106. Heuser I, "Stress and brain", Neurobiol Aging, (24), pp.69~76 (2003)
  107. Habib KE, "Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates", Proc Natl Aca Sci USA, (97), pp.6079~6084 (2000)
  108. Ward HE, "Effects of prenatal stress on defensive withdrawal behavior and corticotropin releasing factor systems in rat brain", Physiol Behav, (70), pp.359~366 (2000)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)