Variation in vowel duration depending on voicing in American, British, and New Zealand English
1
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.
Abstract
It is well known that vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants than voiced ones in English, as in many other languages. Research has shown that the ratio of vowel durations in voiced and voiceless contexts in English is in the range of 0.6~0.8. However, little work has been done as to whether the ratio of vowel durations varies depending on English variety. In the production experiment in this paper, seven speakers from three varieties of English, New Zealand, British, and American English, read 30 pairs of (C)VC monosyllabic words which differ in coda voicing (e.g. beat-bead). Vowel height, phonemic vowel length, and consonant manner were varied as well. As expected, vowel-shortening effects were found in all varieties: vowels were shorter before voiceless than before voiced codas. Overall vowel duration was the longest in American English and the shortest in New Zealand (NZ) English. In particular, vowel duration before voiceless codas is the shortest in New Zealand English, indicating the most radical degree of shortening in this variety. As a result, the ratio of vowel durations in varying voicing contexts is the lowest in NZ English, while American and British English do not show a significant difference each other. In addition, consonant closure duration was examined. Whereas NZ speakers show the shortest vowel duration before a voiceless coda, their voiceless consonants have the longest closure duration, which suggest an inverse relationship between vowel duration and closure duration.
참고문헌 (38)
- Bates, D., "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4", Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), pp.1~48 (2015)[DOI]
- Baayen, R., "Analysing Linguistic Data : A practical introduction to statistics using R" (2008), Cambridge University Press
- Baayen, R. H., "Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items", Journal of Memory and Language, 59, pp.390~412 (2008)
- Bayard, D., "New Zealand English : Origins, Relationships, and Prospects", Moderna Språk, 1, pp.8~14 (2000)
- "Praat: doing phonetics by computer. Version 6.0.11" (2016)[URL]
- Carr, P., "English phonetics and phonology" (2013), Wiley-Blackwell
- Chen, M., "Vowel length variation as a function of the voicing consonant environment", Phonetica, 22, pp.129~159 (1970)
- 조혜선, "Production of pre-fortis clipping in English by Korean and English speakers", 음성음운형태론연구, 21(1), pp.115~141 (2015), 한국음운론학회[DOI]
- Chomsky, N., "The Sound Pattern of English" (1968), Harper and Row
- de Jong, K., "Comparing stress, lexical focus, and segmental focus : patterns of variation in Arabic vowel duration", Journal of Phonetics, 30, pp.53~75 (2002)
- Flege, J. E., "Phonetic interference in second language acquisition", Ph.D., pp.1979
- Flege, J. E., "Cross-language phonetic interference : Arabic to English", Language and Speech, 24, pp.125~146 (1981)
- Vowel duration and closure duration in voiced and unvoiced stops: there are no contrast effects here, "Fowler, C. A.", Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research, 123~140, pp.SR-108 (1991), 108
- Gimson, A. C., "An introduction to the pronunciation of English" (1989), Edward Arnold
- Gordon, E., "New Zealand English and English in New Zealand" (1998), New House
- "Speech and accent –Features of the New Zealand accent, Te Ara –the Encyclopedia of New Zealand" (2013)[URL]
- Hillenbrand, J., "Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 97(5), pp.3099~3111 (1995)
- Hogan, J. T., "Evaluation of vowel duration as a cue for the voicing distinction in the following word-final consonant", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 67(5), pp.1764~1771 (1980)
- House, A. S., "The influence of consonant environment upon the secondary acoustical characteristics of vowels", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25, pp.105~113 (1953)
- Keating, P. A., "Phonetic Linguistics:Essays in Honor of Peter Ladefoged", pp.115~132 (1985), Academic Press
- "Vowels" (2015)[URL]
- Klatt, D., "Interaction between two factors that influence vowel duration", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 54, pp.1102~1104 (1973)
- Lehiste, I., "Suprasegmentals" (1970), MIT Press
- "Calculate segment durations" (2003)[URL]
- "Collect formant data from files" (2003)[URL]
- Lisker, L., "On"Explaining"vowel duration variation", Glossa, 8, pp.223~246 (1974)
- Luce P. A., "Contextual effects on vowel duration, closure duration, and the consonant", vowel ratio in speech production, 1985, pp.78(6), 1949~1957
- Mitleb, F., "Vowel length contrast in Arabic and English : a spectrographic test", Journal of Phonetics, 12, pp.229~235 (1984)
- Munro, M. J., "Productions of English vowels by native speakers of Arabic : acoustic measurements and accentedness ratings", Language and Speech, 36, pp.39~66 (1993)
- Peterson, G. E., "Duration of syllable nuclei in English", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 32(6), pp.693~702 (1960)
- Pinheiro, J. C., "Mixed-effects models in S and S –PLUS" (2000), Springer
- Port, R., "The influence of speaking tempo on the duration of stressed vowel and medial stop in English trochee words", Ph.D., pp.1977
- Port, R. F., "Temporal compensation and universal phonetics", Phonetica, 3, pp.235~252 (1980)
- Roach, P., "English Phonetics and Phonology" (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Sharf, D., "Duration of post-stress inter-vocalic stops and preceding vowels", Language and Speech, 5, pp.26~30 (1962)
- Tauberer, J., "Intrinsic vowel duration and the post-vocalic voicing effect: some evidence from dialects of North American English", Proceedings of Interspeech 2009, pp.2211~2214 (2009)
- Wells, J. C., "Studies in the Pronunciation of English, a Commemorative Volume in Honour of A. C. Gimson", pp.76~86 (1990), Routledge
- Westbury, J. R., "Central representation of vowel duration", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 67(Suppl. 1), pp.37~ (1980)