본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Understanding the creep behavior of bentonite-sand mixtures as buffer materials in a low-level radioactive waste repository in Taiwan

Ren Guo-Liang|Huang Wei-Hsing|Chou Hsin-Kai|Chung Chih-Chung
한국원자력학회 (Korean Nuclear Society)|2024.09|Nuclear Engineering and Technology|제56권 제9호|pp. 3884-3897|DOI 10.1016/j.net.2024.04.035

2

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

CreepBufferBentonite–sand mixturesLow-level radioactive waste (LLW) repository
주제분류원자력공학

초록

This study investigates the creep behavior of bentonite-sand mixtures as potential buffer materials for low-level radioactive waste (LLW) repositories, with a specific case study in Taiwan. To assess the long-term hydro-mechanical properties, constant-volume swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, strain-controlled shear, and stress-controlled shear tests were conducted on MX80 and KV1 bentonite-sand mixtures. The experimental results indicate that MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures are prioritized as the buffer materials with 2.10 MPa swelling pressure and 1 × 10􀀀 13 m/s hydraulic conductivity. However, the shear strength of mixtures was reduced by almost 50 % when fully saturated. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel stress-controlled direct shear apparatus to retrieve the creep model parameters. The numerical method based on the creep model efficiently supports and simulates the saturation process and creep displacement. The finite element method (FEM) result predicts that the buffer of both bentonite-sand mixtures will achieve an average degree of saturation of 95 % at the end of three decades and full saturation in 100 years. The simulated creep displacement results at key nodes suggest that both top and bottom parts in the buffer, assembled from MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures or KV1-sand 70/30 mixtures, will have almost equivalent values of 4 mm in the horizontal and 2 mm in the vertical directions eventually.

Abstract

This study investigates the creep behavior of bentonite-sand mixtures as potential buffer materials for low-level radioactive waste (LLW) repositories, with a specific case study in Taiwan. To assess the long-term hydro-mechanical properties, constant-volume swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity, strain-controlled shear, and stress-controlled shear tests were conducted on MX80 and KV1 bentonite-sand mixtures. The experimental results indicate that MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures are prioritized as the buffer materials with 2.10 MPa swelling pressure and 1 × 10􀀀 13 m/s hydraulic conductivity. However, the shear strength of mixtures was reduced by almost 50 % when fully saturated. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel stress-controlled direct shear apparatus to retrieve the creep model parameters. The numerical method based on the creep model efficiently supports and simulates the saturation process and creep displacement. The finite element method (FEM) result predicts that the buffer of both bentonite-sand mixtures will achieve an average degree of saturation of 95 % at the end of three decades and full saturation in 100 years. The simulated creep displacement results at key nodes suggest that both top and bottom parts in the buffer, assembled from MX80-sand 70/30 mixtures or KV1-sand 70/30 mixtures, will have almost equivalent values of 4 mm in the horizontal and 2 mm in the vertical directions eventually.

참고문헌 (60)

  1. Scientific and Technical Basis for the Near Surface Disposal of Low and Intermediate Level Waste, "IAEA", International Atomic Energy Agency, ~, pp.TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 412 (2002)
  2. SR-site Data Report: THM Modelling of Buffer, Backfill and Other System Components, "M. Åkesson", ~, pp.SKB Technical Report TR-10-44 (2010)
  3. J. Lee, "High-efficiency deep geological repository system for spent nuclear fuel in Korea with optimized decay heat in a disposal canister and increased thermal limit of bentonite", Nucl. Eng. Technol, 55(4), pp.1540~1554 (2023)[DOI]
  4. R. Pusch, "Geologic Disposal of Low- and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste" (2017), CRC Press
  5. J. Y. Goo, "A literature review on studies of bentonite alteration by cement-bentonite interactions", Economic and Environmental Geology, 55, pp.219~229 (2022)[DOI]
  6. H. Komine, "Predicting hydraulic conductivity of sand–bentonite mixture backfill before and after swelling deformation for underground disposal of radioactive wastes", Eng. Geol, 114(3), pp.123~134 (2010)[DOI]
  7. Creep in Buffer Clay, "R. Pusch", SKB, ~, pp.SKB-TR-99-32
  8. "THM Modelling of Buffer, Backfill and Other System Components. Critical Processes and Scenarios" (2010)[URL]
  9. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Modelling of Buffer, "E. Toprak", POSIVA, ~, pp.2012-47 (2012)
  10. Report on the Results of Recommended Candidate Site Safety Assessment for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal, "Taipower Corporation", ~ (2019)
  11. Report on the Results of the Implementation of the Final Disposal Plan for Low-Level Radioactive Waste, "Taipower Corporation", ~ (2021)
  12. M. Ajdari, "Consolidation and Creep Phenomena in a Sand-Bentonite Mixture under Controlled Suctions", Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 17, pp.1~12 (2020)[DOI]
  13. A. Singh, "General Stress-Strain-Time Function for Soils Geotech, 94", pp.21~46 (1968), Special Publ, ASCE
  14. J. H. Yin, "Elastic viscoplastic modelling of time-dependent stress–strain behavior of soils", Can. Geotech. J, 36(4), pp.736~745 (2011)[DOI]
  15. G. Bi, "Creep in primary consolidation with rate of loading approach", Sci. Rep, 9, pp.8992~ (2019)[DOI]
  16. L. Wang, "Variation in shearing rate effect on residual strength of slip zone soils due to test conditions", Geotech. Geol. Eng, 38(3), pp.2773~2785 (2020)[DOI]
  17. F. Tong, "Nonlinear creep and swelling behavior of bentonite mixed with different sand contents under oedometric condition", Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol, 29(4), pp.346~363 (2011)[DOI]
  18. S. Kawabe, "Creep characteristics of clay in one-dimensional compression with unloading", reloading cycles, 2013, 235~238
  19. K. Liu, "A novel multifunctional apparatus for testing unsaturated soils", Acta Geotech, 16, pp.3761~3778 (2021)[DOI]
  20. D. Fredlund, "The shear strength of unsaturated soils", Can. Geotech. J, 15, pp.313~321 (1978)[DOI]
  21. D. Sheng, "Shear strength criteria for unsaturated soils", Geotech. Geol. Eng, 29, pp.145~159 (2011)[DOI]
  22. B. M. Das, "Advanced Soil Mechanics" (2019), CRC Press
  23. ASTM STP, Obtaining Creep Compliance Parameters Accurately from Static or Cyclic Creep Tests, 1469, "J. Kim", ASTM, 177~197 (2005)
  24. N. Sivasithamparam, "Modelling creep behaviour of anisotropic soft soils", Comput. Geotech, 69, pp.46~57 (2015)[DOI]
  25. X. Xie, "Creep behavior and the microstructural evolution of loess-like soil from Xi’an area, China", Eng. Geol, 236, pp.43~59 (2018)[DOI]
  26. R. Pusch, "Geologic Disposal of High Level Radioactive Waste" (2018), CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group
  27. S. Lacasse, "Undrained creep susceptibility of clays", Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, pp.531~536 (2005)
  28. Technical Report POSIVA-12-14, "M. Juvankoski", Posiva Oy, ~ (2012)
  29. A compilation and evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of compacted bentonite for the performance assessment of engineered barriers in the high-level waste repository, "W.J. Cho", KAERI, ~, pp.KAERI (2001), TR− 1826[DOI]
  30. Hydraulic characteristics of buffer material-II: the influence which saline water exert on hydraulic properties of bentonite buffer material, "H. Kikuchi", JNC, ~, pp.JNC TN84302003-002 (2003)
  31. Chemical and mineralogical characterization of the bentonite buffer for the acceptance control procedure in a KBS-3 repository, "O. Karnland", SKB, ~, pp.SKB Technical Report TR-10-60 (2010)
  32. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Tests of Buffer Material, "X. Pintado", POSIVA, ~, pp.Report 2012-49 (2013)
  33. Review of the T-H-M-C Properties of MX-80 Bentonite, "D. A. Dixon", NWMO, ~, pp.NWMO-TR-2019-07 (2019)
  34. C. C. Chung, "Swelling and hydraulic characteristics of two grade bentonites under varying conditions for low-level radioactive waste repository design", Nucl. Eng. Technol (2023)[DOI]
  35. "American Colloid Company" (2021)[URL]
  36. "Japanese Kunimine Industries Co, LTD" (2021)[URL]
  37. The Disposal of Canada’s Nuclear Fuel Waste: Engineered Barriers Alternatives, "AECL", Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), ~, pp.AECL-1078COG-93-8 (1994)
  38. H. Akgün, "Performance assessment of a bentonite–sand mixture for nuclear waste isolation at the potential Akkuyu Nuclear Waste Disposal Site, southern Turkey", Environ. Earth Sci, 73, pp.6101~6116 (2015)[DOI]
  39. W. J. Sun, "Evaluation of hydro-mechano-chemical behaviour of bentonite-sand mixtures", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng, 14(2), pp.637~652 (2021)[DOI]
  40. "Taiwan Chin-Ching Foundry Sand Co, Ltd"[URL]
  41. H. Komine, "Swelling characteristics of bentonites in artificial seawater", Can. Geotech. J, 46(2), pp.177~189 (2009)[DOI]
  42. A. M. Tang, "A study on the air permeability as affected by compression of three French soils", Geoderma, 162, pp.171~181 (2011)[DOI]
  43. W. M. Ye, "Features and modeling of time-history curves of swelling pressure of bentonite", Chin. J. Geotech. Eng, 42(1), pp.29~36 (2020)
  44. Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils, "ASTM", ASTM, ~, pp.D4546–21 (2021)
  45. Report on HydroMechanical and Chemical-Mineralogical Analyses of the Bentonite Buffer in Canister Retrieval Test, "A. Dueck", SKB, ~, pp.SKB Technical Report TR-11-07 (2011)
  46. D. Ito, "Hydraulic conductivity test system for compacted 2-mm-thick bentonite specimens", Soils Found, 62(5), pp.101210~ (2022)[DOI]
  47. Standards Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter, "ASTM", ASTM, ~, pp.D5084–16a (2016)
  48. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated Drained Conditions, "ASTM", ASTM, ~, pp.D3080-2011 (2011)
  49. G. Li, "Shear creep mechanical properties and damage model of mudstone in open-pit coal mine", Science Report, 12, pp.5148~ (2022)[DOI]
  50. Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Calculations of the Water Saturation Phase of a KBS-3 Deposition Hole, "L. Borgesson", Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co, ~, pp.SKB Technical Report TR-99-41 (1999)
  51. International Perspective on Repositories for Low Level Waste, "U. Bergstrom", Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co, ~, pp.SKB Report R-11-16 (2011)
  52. D. A. Sun, "Swelling of compacted sand-bentonite mixtures", Appl. Clay Sci, 43(3), pp.485~492 (2009)[DOI]
  53. W. Su, "Swelling pressure of compacted MX80 bentonite", sand mixture prepared by different methods, 2021, pp.61(4), 1142~1150
  54. H. Komine, "New equations for swelling characteristics of bentonite-based buffer materials", Can. Geotech. J, 40(2), pp.460~475 (2003)[DOI]
  55. C. Gatabin, "ESDRED project, Module 1-selection and THM characterization of the buffer material", Proceedings of the International Conference Underground Disposal Unit Design & Emplacement Processes for a Deep Geological Repository, pp.16~18 (2008)
  56. MX-80 Bentonite: Thermal-hydro-mechanical Characterisation Performed at CIEMAT in the Context of the Prototype Project (No. CIEMAT–1053), "M. V. Villar", Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, ~ (2005)
  57. H. Komine, "Simplified evaluation on hydraulic conductivities of sand–bentonite mixture backfill", Appl. Clay Sci, 26(4), pp.13~19 (2004)[DOI]
  58. Rheological Properties of a Calcium Smectite, "L. Borgesson", Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co, ~, pp.SKB Technical Report TR-87-31 (1987)
  59. R. Pusch, "High-level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Disposal: a Global Challenge" (2011), WIT Press
  60. L. Ohazuruike, "A comprehensive review on clay swelling and illitization of smectite in natural subsurface formations and engineered barrier systems", Nucl. Eng. Technol, 55(4), pp.1495~1506 (2023)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

Swelling and hydraulic characteristics of two grade bentonites under varying conditions for low-level radioactive waste repository designChang Hao-Chun, Chen I-Ting, Chung Chih-Chung, Cuo Che-Jui, Ren Guo-Liang한국원자력학회 · Nuclear Engineering and Technology2024 · 제56권 제4호A Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Analysis of a Deep Geological Repository to Assess Importance of Mechanical Factors of Bentonite Buffer김민섭, 김민준, 이승래, 전윤수, 전준서한국암반공학회 · 터널과 지하공간2019 · 제29권 제6호Bentonite as an engineered barrier material for nuclear waste repository - Geotechnical perspectives, key properties, knowledge gaps, and opportunitiesCalaunan Jose Maria Ferdinand Victoria, Eun Jongwan, Feng Yuan, Kim Seunghee, Kim Yong-Rak, Noh Dong-Hwa한국원자력학회 · Nuclear Engineering and Technology2025 · 제57권 제10호Effects of specimen size and loading rate on the mechanical property of Bentonil-WRK bentonite for engineered barrier system윤석, 추연욱, 한세희, Balagosa Jebie, Navea Ivan Jeff한국원자력학회 · Nuclear Engineering and Technology2025 · 제57권 제2호Investigation of the various properties of several candidate additives as buffer materials윤석, 김태현, 이기준, 장세은한국원자력학회 · Nuclear Engineering and Technology2023 · 제55권 제3호Feasibility Assessment on the Application of X-ray Computed Tomography on the Characterization of Bentonite under Hydration멜빈, 김광염, 김민섭, 김진섭, 윤서현, 이경원, 이창수한국암반공학회 · 터널과 지하공간2022 · 제32권 제6호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (49건)

Generation of security system defense strategies based on evolutionary game theoryZhu Xiang, Wang Yongdong, Liu Chunqiang, Dai Mingguang, Du Qianwen, Zou Bowenpp. 3463-3471Extended cognitive reliability and error analysis method for advanced control rooms of nuclear power plantsLiu Xin, Yan Shengyuan, Zhang Xiaodanpp. 3472-3482Real-time measurements and modeling of sodium combustion aerosol dynamics in test chamber to improve the evaluation of SFR containment aerosol behaviourBalasubramanian Venkatraman, Kumar Amit, Pujala Usha, Venkatesan Subramanian, Pavan Narayanam Sujathapp. 3483-3490Hybrid vibro-acoustic model reduction for model updating in nuclear power plant pipeline with undetermined boundary conditions정변영, 오승인, 길진영, 김진균, 조용범, 신진원, 신현아pp. 3491-3500Titanium alloys: A closer-look at mechanical, gamma-ray, neutron, and transmission properties of different grade alloys through MCNPcode applicationKilic G., ALMisned Ghada, Guler Omer, Sen Baykal Duygu, Tekin H.O.pp. 3501-3511
원문 보기