Electrochemical and Thermal Property Enhancement of Natural Graphite Electrodes via a Phosphorus and Nitrogen Incorporating Surface Treatment
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An efficient wet process approach to modifying natural graphite (NG) electrodes for Li-ion batteries is introducedin this paper. With homogeneous mixing and thermal decomposition of NG with diammonium phosphate((NH4)2HPO4), phosphorus and nitrogen were successfully incorporated into the surface layer of NG particles. Electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the surface was wellmodified by this process. As a result, the treated NG electrodes exhibited much improved electrochemicalperformance over pristine NG at two different temperatures: 25 °C and 50 °C. Excellent capacity retentionof 95.6% was obtained after 100 cycles at 50 °C. These enhanced properties were confirmed in a morphologyanalysis on the cross-sections of the NG electrodes after galvanostatic cycling. The improved cycle andthermal stabilities can be attributed to the surface treatment with phosphorus and nitrogen; the treatmentformed a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer that performed well when undergoing Li insertion andextraction cycling.
Abstract
An efficient wet process approach to modifying natural graphite (NG) electrodes for Li-ion batteries is introducedin this paper. With homogeneous mixing and thermal decomposition of NG with diammonium phosphate((NH4)2HPO4), phosphorus and nitrogen were successfully incorporated into the surface layer of NG particles. Electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the surface was wellmodified by this process. As a result, the treated NG electrodes exhibited much improved electrochemicalperformance over pristine NG at two different temperatures: 25 °C and 50 °C. Excellent capacity retentionof 95.6% was obtained after 100 cycles at 50 °C. These enhanced properties were confirmed in a morphologyanalysis on the cross-sections of the NG electrodes after galvanostatic cycling. The improved cycle andthermal stabilities can be attributed to the surface treatment with phosphorus and nitrogen; the treatmentformed a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer that performed well when undergoing Li insertion andextraction cycling.
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