일본 다층석탑의 성립과 발전-나라현 히노쿠마데라 석탑을 중심으로

Abstract

This study aims to explore the structure and development process of the stone pagoda of Hinokumadera Temple in Asuka, Nara Prefecture, Japan so as to examine the significance of stone pagodas of Japan. Hinokumadera Temple, where this stone pagoda is located, was constructed by emigrants from the Baekje dynasty in the 7th century. Excavation confirmed the existence of Baekje-style roof-end tiles, and Baekje’s unique platform piled up with roof tiles at the Lecture Hall site. Notably, excavation also found that the layout involved the Inner Gate, the entrance gate, to the west, the Lecture Hall to the north, the main hall to the south, and the pagoda in the center east of the temple. The relevant stone pagoda was a 13-story stone pagoda which was erected in the second half of the Heian period on the site of a wooded pagoda which had been lost. A Sarira Reliquary is enshrined in the foundation stone of the wooded foundation, drawing attention. After Buddhism flowed into Japan, wooded pagodas prevailed. From the end of the 7th century to the early 8th century, stone pagodas were erected in the limited numbers, but soon faded out, leading stone pagodas not to be erected for 300 years thereafter. However, after Esoteric Buddhism was accepted in society, Japan developed its unique Buddhist arts, and had stone pagodas reemerge in the second half of the Heian period. Stone pagodas were erected again, beginning with the stone pagoda of Hinokumadera Temple. Noteworthily, a 13-story stone pagoda with dense eaves was erected on the location where the wooded pagoda was lost. This reflected unique Japanese changes in the form of a pagoda, although Chinese-style pagodas were erected earlier in Korean Peninsula-style temples. Afterwards, in the Kamakura period, with the backing of stone construction skills of Chinese emigrants, stone pagodas with dense eaves became the mainstream of Japanese layers-pagodas, and developed. In the Japan’s history of stone pagodas, a pagoda style continued to be repeated regardless of ages and regions. In the Kamakura period, which is called the golden age in Japan’s history of stone pagodas, diverse styles of stone pagodas were developed simultaneously, and prevailing, and of them, the layers-pagoda style was prominent. The stone pagoda of Hinokumadera Temple constitutes the prelude to such Japanese stone pagoda culture, making its importance significant.