Effects of Benzoic Acid and Thymol on Growth Performance and Gut Characteristics of Weaned Piglets
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/ combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.
Abstract
A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/ combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.
참고문헌 (51)
- AOAC., "Official Methods of Analysis" (1995), Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- Aarnink, A. J. A., "Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production", Livest. Sci, 109, pp.194~203 (2007)
- Bühler, K., "Influence of benzoic acid in high fibre diets on nutrient digestibility and VFA production in growing", finishing pigs, 2009, pp.63, 127~136
- Burns, C. P., "Extracellular Na+ and initiation of DNA synthesis: Role of intracellular pH and K+", J. Cell Biol, 98, pp.1082~1089 (1984)
- Cera, K. R., "Effect of age, weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine", J. Anim. Sci, 66, pp.574~584 (1988)
- Chen, H., "Dietary fibre affects intestinal mucosal barrier function and regulates intestinal bacteria in weaning piglets", Br. J. Nutr, 110, pp.1837~1848 (2013)
- J. H. Cho, "Effects of Essential Oils Supplementation on Growth Performance, IgG Concentration and Fecal Noxious Gas Concentration of Weaned Pigs", ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, 19(1), pp.80~85 (2006), 아세아·태평양축산학회
- Corrier, D. E., "Effect of dietary lactose on Salmonella colonization of market-age broiler chickens", Avian Dis, 34, pp.668~676 (1990)
- Diao, H., "Effects of benzoic acid on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes activities of jejuna digesta in weaner piglets", Chn. J. Anim. Nutr, 25, pp.768~777 (2013)
- Dong, G. Z., "Effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism in early-weaned pigs", Chn. J. Anim. Nutr, 2, pp.19~24 (1997)
- Efird, R. C., "The development of digestive capacity in young pigs: effects of age and weaning system", J. Anim. Sci, 55, pp.1380~1387 (1982)
- Fierer, N., "Assessment of soil microbial community structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays", Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 71, pp.4117~4120 (2005)
- GB, "Measurement of the Acid Insoluble Ash in Feed" (2009), Standards press of China
- Gianluca, G., "Effects of benzoic acid on nitrogen, phosphorus and energy balance and on ammonia emission from slurries in the heavy pig", Ital. J. Anim. Sci, 10, pp.e38~ (2011)
- I. Giannenas, "Dietary Supplementation of Benzoic Acid and Essential Oil Compounds Affects Buffering Capacity of the Feeds, Performance of Turkey Poults and Their Antioxidant Status, pH in the Digestive Tract, Intestinal Microbiota and Morphology", ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, 27(2), pp.225~236 (2014), 아세아·태평양축산학회[DOI]
- Guggenbuhl, P., "Effects of dietary supplementation with benzoic acid (VevoVitall®) on the zootechnical performance, the gastrointestinal microflora and the ileal digestibility of the young pig", Livest. Sci, 108, pp.218~221 (2007)
- Halas, D., "Dietary supplementation with benzoic acid improves apparent ileal digestibility of total nitrogen and increases villous height and caecal microbial diversity in weaner pigs", Anim. Feed. Sci, 160, pp.137~147 (2010)
- Halas, D., "Effects of benzoic acid and inulin on ammonia–nitrogen excretion, plasma urea levels, and the pH in faeces and urine of weaner pigs", Livest. Sci, 134, pp.243~245 (2010)
- Halas, D., "Effect of dietary supplementation with inulin and", or benzoic acid on the incidence and severity of post-weaning diarrhoea in weaner pigs after experimental challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 2009, pp.63, 267~280
- Hampson, D. J., "Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small intestine", Res. Vet. Sci, 40, pp.24~31 (1986)
- Han, G. Q., "Effects of different starch sources on Bacillus spp. in intestinal tract and expression of intestinal development related genes of weanling piglets", Mol. Biol. Rep, 39, pp.1869~1876 (2012)
- Hildebrandt, M. A., "High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity", Gastroenterology, 137, pp.1716~1724 (2009)
- Janczyk, P., "Investigations on the effects of dietary essential oils and different husbandry conditions on the gut ecology in piglets after weaning", Int. J. Microbiol (2009)
- 장인석, "Influence of Essential Oil Components on Growth Performance and the Functional Activity of the Pancreas and Small Intestine in Broiler Chickens", ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, 17(3), pp.394~400 (2004), 아세아·태평양축산학회
- Jensen, B. B., "Possible ways of modifying type and amount of products from microbial fermentation in the gut", 8th Symposium on Digestive Physiology in Pigs, pp.181~200 (2001)
- Juven, B. J., "Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents", J. Appl. Microbiol, 76, pp.626~631 (1994)
- Klein, G., "Antimicrobial activity of essential oil components against potential food spoilage microorganisms", Curr. Microbiol, 67, pp.200~208 (2013)
- Kluge, H., "Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets", J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr, 90, pp.316~324 (2006)
- Kluge, H., "Effects of dietary benzoic acid on urinary pH and nutrient digestibility in lactating sows", Livest. Sci, 134, pp.119~121 (2010)
- Konstantinov, S. R., "Specific response of a novel and abundant Lactobacillus amylovorus-like phylotype to dietary prebiotics in the guts of weaning piglets", Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 70, pp.3821~3830 (2004)
- Lee, K.-W., "Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens", Br. Poult. Sci, 44, pp.450~457 (2003)
- Li, S., "The effect of essential oils on performance, immunity and gut microbial population in weaner pigs", Livest. Sci, 145, pp.119~123 (2012)
- Luna, A., "Effects of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on lipid oxidation in broiler meat", Poult. sci, 89, pp.366~370 (2010)
- Lupton, J. R., "Fiber supplementation results in expanded proliferative zones in rat gastric mucosa", Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 46, pp.980~984 (1987)
- Manzanilla, E. G., "Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs", J. Anim. Sci, 84, pp.2743~2751 (2006)
- Manzanilla, E. G., "Dietary protein modifies effect of plant extracts in the intestinal ecosystem of the pig at weaning", J. Anim. Sci, 87, pp.2029~2037 (2009)
- Michiels J., "Effect of Essential Oils on Gut Bacteria and Functionality in the Pig", 박사, pp.2009
- Mikkelsen, L. L., "Enumeration of bifidobacteria in gastrointestinal samples from piglets", Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 69, pp.654~658 (2003)
- Mroz, Z., "Organic acids as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for pigs", Adv. Pork Prod, 16, pp.169~181 (2005)
- National Research Council., "Nutrient Requirements of Swine" (1998), National Academy Press
- Papatsiros, V. G., "Effect of benzoic acid and combination of benzoic acid with a probiotic containing Bacillus cereus var. toyoi in weaned pig nutrition", Pol. J. Vet. Sci, 14, pp.117~125 (2011)
- Pluske, J. R., "Maintenance of villous height and crypt depth in piglets by providing continuous nutrition after weaning", Anim. Sci, 62, pp.131~144 (1996)
- Qi, H. W., "Effects of different dietary protein sources on cecal microflora in rats", Afr. J. Biotechnol, 10, pp.3704~3708 (2011)
- Richards, J. D., "The gastrointestinal microbiota and its role in monogastric nutrition and health with an emphasis on pigs: Current understanding, possible modulations, and new technologies for ecological studies", Can. J. Anim. Sci, 85, pp.421~435 (2005)
- Risley, C. R., "Effects of organic acids with and without a microbial culture on performance and gastrointestinal tract measurements of weanling pigs", Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol, 35, pp.259~270 (1991)
- Savage, D. C., "Gastrointestinal microflora in mammalian nutrition", Annu. Rev. Nutr, 6, pp.155~178 (1986)
- Torrallardona, D., "Effects of benzoic acid on performance and ecology of gastrointestinal microbiota in weaned piglets", Livest. Sci, 108, pp.210~213 (2007)
- Trevisi, P., "Effect of dietary addition of thymol on growth, salivary and gastric function, immune response, and excretion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, in weaning pigs challenged with this microbe strain", Ital. J. Anim. Sci, 6, pp.374~376 (2010)
- Vondruskova, H., "Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: A review", Vet. Med-cz, 55, pp.199~224 (2010)
- Vu Khac, H., "Serotypes, virulence genes, and PFGE profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhoea in Slovakia", BMC Vet. Res, 2, pp.10~ (2006)
- Zhou, F., "Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium", J. Food Protect, 70, pp.1704~1709 (2007)