본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Chronobiology Revisited in Psychiatric Disorders: From a Translational Perspective

2

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정신과학

초록

Objective Several lines of evidence support a relationship between circadian rhythms disruption in the onset, course, and maintenance of mental disorders. Despite the study of circadian phenotypes promising a decent understanding of the pathophysiologic or etiologic mechanisms of psychiatric entities, several questions still need to be addressed. In this review, we aimed to synthesize the literature investigating chronobiologic theories and their associations with psychiatric entities.Methods The Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Scopus databases were comprehensively and systematically searched and articles published between January 1990 and October 2019 were reviewed. Different combinations of the relevant keywords were polled. We first introduced molecular elements and mechanisms of the circadian system to promote a better understanding of the chronobiologic implications of mental disorders. Then, we comprehensively and systematically reviewed circadian system studies in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders.Results Although subject characteristics and study designs vary across studies, current research has demonstrated that circadian pathologies, including genetic and neurohumoral alterations, represent the neural substrates of the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders. Impaired HPA-axis function-related glucocorticoid rhythm and disrupted melatonin homeostasis have been prominently demonstrated in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, while alterations of molecular expressions of circadian rhythm genes including <i>CLOCK, PER</i>, and <i>CRY</i> have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders.Conclusion Further translational work is needed to identify the causal relationship between circadian physiology abnormalities and mental disorders and related psychopathology, and to develop sound pharmacologic interventions.

Abstract

Objective Several lines of evidence support a relationship between circadian rhythms disruption in the onset, course, and maintenance of mental disorders. Despite the study of circadian phenotypes promising a decent understanding of the pathophysiologic or etiologic mechanisms of psychiatric entities, several questions still need to be addressed. In this review, we aimed to synthesize the literature investigating chronobiologic theories and their associations with psychiatric entities.Methods The Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Scopus databases were comprehensively and systematically searched and articles published between January 1990 and October 2019 were reviewed. Different combinations of the relevant keywords were polled. We first introduced molecular elements and mechanisms of the circadian system to promote a better understanding of the chronobiologic implications of mental disorders. Then, we comprehensively and systematically reviewed circadian system studies in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders.Results Although subject characteristics and study designs vary across studies, current research has demonstrated that circadian pathologies, including genetic and neurohumoral alterations, represent the neural substrates of the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders. Impaired HPA-axis function-related glucocorticoid rhythm and disrupted melatonin homeostasis have been prominently demonstrated in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, while alterations of molecular expressions of circadian rhythm genes including <i>CLOCK, PER</i>, and <i>CRY</i> have been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders.Conclusion Further translational work is needed to identify the causal relationship between circadian physiology abnormalities and mental disorders and related psychopathology, and to develop sound pharmacologic interventions.

참고문헌 (282)

  1. Foster RG, "Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks that Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing" (2005), Yale University Press
  2. Halberg F, "Transdisciplinary unifying implications of circadian findings in the 1950s", J Circadian Rhythms, 1, pp.2~ (2003)
  3. Konopka RJ, "Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 68, pp.2112~2116 (1971)
  4. Bargiello TA, "Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila", Nature, 312, pp.752~754 (1984)
  5. Reddy P, "Molecular analysis of the period locus in Drosophila melanogaster and identification of a transcript involved in biological rhythms", Cell, 38, pp.701~710 (1984)
  6. Huang RC, "The discoveries of molecular mechanisms for the circadian rhythm : the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", Biomed J, 41, pp.5~8 (2018)
  7. Crosby EC, "The mammalian midbrain and isthmus regions. Part II. The fiber connections. C. The hypothalamo-tegmental pathways", J Comp Neurol, 94, pp.1~32 (1951)
  8. Sollars PJ, "The neurobiology of circadian rhythms", Psychiatr Clin North Am, 38, pp.645~665 (2015)
  9. Zhu L, "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders", Neurol Clin, 30, pp.1167~1191 (2012)
  10. Gillette M, "Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science Vol: 119" (2013), Elsevier
  11. Dijk DJ, "Contribution of circadian physiology and sleep homeostasis to age-related changes in human sleep", Chronobiol Int, 17, pp.285~311 (2000)
  12. Panda S, "Circadian physiology of metabolism", Science, 354, pp.1008~1015 (2016)
  13. Baron KG, "Circadian misalignment and health", Int Rev Psychiatry, 26, pp.139~154 (2014)
  14. Takao T, "CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism is associated with Japanese schizophrenics : a preliminary study", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, pp.273~276 (2007)
  15. Benedetti F, "Influence ofCLOCK gene polymorphism on circadian mood fluctuation and illness recurrence in bipolar depression", Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 123B, pp.23~26 (2003)
  16. Lee KY, "Association between CLOCK 3111T", C and preferred circadian phase in Korean patients with bipolar disorder, 2010, pp.34, 1196~1201
  17. Jones SG, "Circadian disruption in psychiatric disorders", Sleep Med Clin, 10, pp.481~493 (2015)
  18. Wulff K, "Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease", Nat Rev Neurosci, 11, pp.589~599 (2010)
  19. Hardin PE, "Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels", Nature, 343, pp.536~540 (1990)
  20. Gekakis N, "Isolation of timeless by PER protein interaction : defective interaction between timeless protein and long-period mutant PERL", Science, 270, pp.811~815 (1995)
  21. Allada R, "A mutant drosophila homolog of mammalian clock disrupts circadian rhythms and transcription of period and timeless", Cell, 93, pp.791~804 (1998)
  22. Rutila JE, "CYCLE Is a second bHLH-PAS clock protein essential for circadian rhythmicity and transcription of drosophila period and timeless", Cell, 93, pp.805~814 (1998)
  23. Price JL, "Double-time is a novel drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation", Cell, 94, pp.83~95 (1998)
  24. Kloss B, "The drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase Iepsilon", Cell, 94, pp.97~107 (1998)
  25. Lowrey PL, "Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau", Science, 288, pp.483~492 (2000)
  26. Mohawk JA, "Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals", Annu Rev Neurosci, 35, pp.445~462 (2012)
  27. Challet E, "Keeping circadian time with hormones", Diabetes Obes Metab, 17, pp.76~83 (2015)
  28. Colwell CS, "Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN", Nat Rev Neurosci, 12, pp.553~569 (2011)
  29. Tsang AH, "Endocrine regulation of circadian physiology", J Endocrinol, 230, pp.R1~R11 (2016)
  30. Mrosovsky N, "Impaired masking responses to light in melanopsin-knockout mice", Chronobiol Int, 20, pp.989~999 (2003)
  31. Dibner C, "The mammalian circadian timing system : organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks", Annu Rev Physiol, 72, pp.517~549 (2010)
  32. Pevet P, "Melatonin : both master clock output and internal time-giver in the circadian clocks network", J Physiol, 105, pp.170~182 (2011)
  33. Hankins MW, "Melanopsin : an exciting photopigment", Trends Neurosci, 31, pp.27~36 (2008)
  34. Amaral FGD, "A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone", Arch Endocrinol Metab, 62, pp.472~479 (2018)
  35. Asher G, "Time for food : the intimate interplay between nutrition, metabolism, and the circadian clock", Cell, 161, pp.84~92 (2015)
  36. Buijs FN, "The suprachiasmatic nucleus is part of a neural feedback circuit adapting blood pressure response", Neuroscience, 266, pp.197~207 (2014)
  37. Pfeffer M, "Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms", Gen Comp Endocrinol, 258, pp.215~221 (2018)
  38. Sabbar M, "Circadian clock protein content and daily rhythm of locomotor activity are altered after chronic exposure to lead in rat", Front Behav Neurosci, 11, pp.178~ (2017)
  39. Zhang T, "ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells differentially regulate serotonergic and GABAergic activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus", Sci Rep, 6, pp.26060~ (2016)
  40. Robillard R, "Parallel changes in mood and melatonin rhythm following an adjunctive multimodal chronobiological intervention with agomelatine in people with depression : a proof of concept open label study", Front Psychiatry, 9, pp.624~ (2018)
  41. Duval F, "Relationship between chronobiological thyrotropin and prolactin responses to protirelin(TRH)and suicidal behavior in depressed patients", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85, pp.100~109 (2017)
  42. Robillard R, "Circadian rhythms and psychiatric profiles in young adults with unipolar depressive disorders", Transl Psychiatry, 8, pp.213~ (2018)
  43. Buttgereit F, "Clocking in : chronobiology in rheumatoid arthritis", Nat Rev Rheumatol, 11, pp.349~356 (2015)
  44. Saetung S, "Eveningness is associated with greater depressive symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients : a study in two different ethnic cohorts", Behav Sleep Med, 17, pp.291~301 (2019)
  45. Charrier A, "Clock genes and altered sleep–wake rhythms : their role in the development of psychiatric disorders", Int J Mol Sci, 18, pp.938~ (2017)
  46. Barandas R, "Circadian clocks as modulators of metabolic comorbidity in psychiatric disorders", Curr Psychiatry Rep, 17, pp.98~ (2015)
  47. Kishi T, "CLOCK may predict the response to fluvoxamine treatment in Japanese major depressive disorder patients", NeuroMolecular Med, 11, pp.53~57 (2009)
  48. Soria V, "Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders : CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder", Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, pp.1279~1289 (2010)
  49. Shi S, "Molecular analyses of circadian gene variants reveal sex-dependent links between depression and clocks", Transl Psychiatry, 6, pp.e748~e748 (2016)
  50. Shi J, "Clock genes may influence bipolar disorder susceptibility and dysfunctional circadian rhythm", Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 147B, pp.1047~1055 (2008)
  51. Kripke DF, "Circadian polymorphisms associated with affective disorders", J Circadian Rhythms, 7, pp.2~ (2009)
  52. Suzuki M, "CLOCK gene variants associated with the discrepancy between subjective and objective severity in bipolar depression", J Affect Disord, 210, pp.14~18 (2017)
  53. Benedetti F, "Effects of CLOCK gene variants and early stress on hopelessness and suicide in bipolar depression", Chronobiol Int, 32, pp.1156~1161 (2015)
  54. Zhang J, "The association of CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism and hPER3 gene 54-nucleotide repeat polymorphism with Chinese Han people schizophrenics", Mol Biol Rep, 38, pp.349~354 (2011)
  55. Utge SJ, "Systematic analysis of circadian genes in a population-based sample reveals association of TIMELESS with depression and sleep disturbance", PLoS One, 5, pp.e9259~ (2010)
  56. Dmitrzak-Weglarz MP, "Clock gene variants differentiate mood disorders", Mol Biol Rep, 42, pp.277~288 (2015)
  57. Mansour HA, "Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia", Genes Brain Behav, 5, pp.150~157 (2006)
  58. Etain B, "Association between circadian genes, bipolar disorders and chronotypes", Chronobiol Int, 31, pp.807~814 (2014)
  59. Hua P, "Cry1 and Tef gene polymorphisms are associated with major depressive disorder in the Chinese population", J Affect Disord, 157, pp.100~103 (2014)
  60. Johansson A-S, "Altered circadian clock gene expression in patients with schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 174, pp.17~23 (2016)
  61. De Bundel D, "Cognitive dysfunction, elevated anxiety, and reduced cocaine response in circadian clock-deficient cryptochrome knockout mice", Front Behav Neurosci, 7, pp.152~ (2013)
  62. Griesauer I, "Circadian abnormalities in a mouse model of high trait anxiety and depression", Ann Med, 46, pp.148~154 (2014)
  63. Aston C, "Microarray analysis of postmortem temporal cortex from patients with schizophrenia", J Neurosci Res, 77, pp.858~866 (2004)
  64. Sun HQ, "Diurnal neurobiological alterations after exposure to clozapine in first-episode schizophrenia patients", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 64, pp.108~116 (2016)
  65. Akiyama M, "Modulation of mPer1 gene expression by anxiolytic drugs in mouse cerebellum", Br J Pharmacol, 128, pp.1616~1622 (1999)
  66. Lavebratt C, "PER2variantion is associated with depression vulnerability", Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 153, pp.570~581 (2010)
  67. Partonen T, "Three circadian clock genes Per2, Arntl, and Npas2 contribute to winter depression", Ann Med, 39, pp.229~238 (2007)
  68. Liu JJ, "Depression-associated ARNTL and PER2 genetic variants in psychotic disorders", Chronobiol Int, 32, pp.579~584 (2015)
  69. Artioli P, "How do genes exert their role? Period 3 gene variants and possible influences on mood disorder phenotypes", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, pp.587~594 (2007)
  70. Maglione JE, "Associations of PER3 and RORA circadian gene polymorphisms and depressive symptoms in older adults", Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23, pp.1075~1087 (2015)
  71. Paulo Marcos Brasil Rocha, "Genetic Association of the PERIOD3 (Per3) Clock Gene with Bipolar Disorder", PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION, 14(5), pp.674~680 (2017), 대한신경정신의학회[DOI]
  72. Nievergelt CM, "Suggestive evidence for association of the circadian genes PERIOD3 and ARNTL with bipolar disorder", Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 141B, pp.234~241 (2006)
  73. Benedetti F, "A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 influences age at onset of bipolar disorder", Neurosci Lett, 445, pp.184~187 (2008)
  74. Dallaspezia S, "Circadian clock gene Per3 variants influence the postpartum onset of bipolar disorder", Eur Psychiatry, 26, pp.138~140 (2011)
  75. Karthikeyan R, "Association of Per3 length polymorphism with bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia", Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 10, pp.2325~2330 (2014)
  76. Bengesser SA, "Is the molecular clock ticking differently in bipolar disorder? Methylation analysis of the clock gene ARNTL", World J Biol Psychiatry, 19, pp.S21~S29 (2018)
  77. Sipilä T, "An association analysis of circadian genes in anxiety disorders", Biol Psychiatry, 67, pp.1163~1170 (2010)
  78. Byrne EM, "Testing the role of circadian genes in conferring risk for psychiatric disorders", Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 165, pp.254~260 (2014)
  79. Severino G, "Association study in a Sardinian sample between bipolar disorder and the nuclear receptor REV-ERBα gene, a critical component of the circadian clock system", Bipolar Disord, 11, pp.215~220 (2009)
  80. Kishi T, "Association analysis of nuclear receptor Rev-erb alpha gene(NR1D1)with mood disorders in the Japanese population", Neurosci Res, 62, pp.211~215 (2008)
  81. Geoffroy PA, "Circadian genes and lithium response in bipolar disorders : associations with PPARGC1A(PGC-1 α)and RORA", Genes Brain Behav, 15, pp.660~668 (2016)
  82. Lai YC, "Investigation of associations between NR1D1, RORA and RORB genes and bipolar disorder", PLoS One, 10, pp.e0121245~ (2015)
  83. McGrath CL, "Evidence for genetic association of RORB with bipolar disorder", BMC Psychiatry, 9, pp.70~ (2009)
  84. Gałecki P, "Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA expression for melatonin synthesis rate-limiting enzyme in recurrent depressive disorder", J Pineal Res, 48, pp.311~317 (2010)
  85. Talarowska M, "ASMT gene expression correlates with cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent depressive disorder", Med Sci Monit, 20, pp.905~912 (2014)
  86. Geoffroy PA, "An ASMT variant associated with bipolar disorder influences sleep and circadian rhythms : a pilot study", Genes Brain Behav, 13, pp.299~304 (2014)
  87. Etain B, "Genetic and functional abnormalities of the melatonin biosynthesis pathway in patients with bipolar disorder", Hum Mol Genet, 21, pp.4030~4037 (2012)
  88. Gałecka E, "Single nucleotide polymorphisms and mRNA expression for melatonin MT2 receptor in depression", Psychiatry Res, 189, pp.472~474 (2011)
  89. Lee KY, "Genetic association study of CSNK1E gene in bipolar disorder and circadian characteristics", Nord J Psychiatry, 72, pp.599~604 (2018)
  90. Matsunaga S, "An evaluation of polymorphisms in casein kinase 1 delta and epsilon genes in major psychiatric disorders", Neurosci Lett, 529, pp.66~69 (2012)
  91. Pinacho R, "Altered CSNK1E, FABP4 and NEFH protein levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 177, pp.88~97 (2016)
  92. Kaladchibachi SA, "Glycogen synthase kinase 3, circadian rhythms, and bipolar disorder : a molecular link in the therapeutic action of lithium", J Circadian Rhythms, 5, pp.3~ (2007)
  93. Szczepankiewicz A, "Association analysis of the GSK-3beta T-50C gene polymorphism with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder", Neuropsychobiology, 53, pp.51~56 (2006)
  94. Guilding C, "Challenging the omnipotence of the suprachiasmatic timekeeper: are circadian oscillators present throughout the mammalian brain?", Eur J Neurosci, 25, pp.3195~3216 (2007)
  95. Kalsbeek A, "SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life", J Biol Rhythms, 21, pp.458~469 (2006)
  96. Ono T, "Paraventricular nucleus connections to spinal cord and pituitary", Neurosci Lett, 10, pp.141~146 (1978)
  97. la Fleur SE, "Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver", Brain Res, 871, pp.50~56 (2000)
  98. Shimazu T, "Systemic Glucoregulation by Glucose-Sensing Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus(VMH)", J Endocr Soc, 1, pp.449~459 (2017)
  99. la Fleur SE, "A daily rhythm in glucose tolerance : a role for the suprachiasmatic nucleus", Diabetes, 50, pp.1237~1243 (2001)
  100. Buijs RM, "The suprachiasmatic nucleus; a responsive clock regulating homeostasis by daily changing the setpoints of physiological parameters", Auton Neurosci, 218, pp.43~50 (2019)
  101. Shiiya T, "Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, pp.240~244 (2002)
  102. Kalsbeek A, "The suprachiasmatic nucleus generates the diurnal changes in plasma leptin levels", Endocrinology, 142, pp.2677~2685 (2001)
  103. Kalsbeek A, "Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis", Mol Cell Endocrinol, 349, pp.20~29 (2012)
  104. Van De Kar LD, "Differential serotonergic innervation of individual hypothalamic nuclei and other forebrain regions by the dorsal and median midbrain raphe nuclei", Brain Res, 162, pp.45~54 (1979)
  105. Malek ZS, "Daily rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 messenger ribonucleic acid within raphe neurons is induced by corticoid daily surge and modulated by enhanced locomotor activity", Endocrinology, 148, pp.5165~5172 (2007)
  106. Buijs FN, "The circadian system : a regulatory feedback network of periphery and brain", Physiology, 31, pp.170~181 (2016)
  107. Pontes ALB de, "Serotonin and circadian rhythms", Psychol Neurosci, 3, pp.217~228 (2010)
  108. Zaki NFW, "Chronobiological theories of mood disorder", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 268, pp.107~118 (2018)
  109. Pévet P, "Melatonin : from seasonal to circadian signal", J Neuroendocrinol, 15, pp.422~426 (2003)
  110. Reiter RJ, "The melatonin rhythm : both a clock and a calendar", Experientia, 49, pp.654~664 (1993)
  111. Cagnacci A, "Melatonin : a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, pp.447~452 (1992)
  112. Chenu F, "Electrophysiological effects of repeated administration of agomelatine on the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin systems in the rat brain", Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, pp.275~284 (2013)
  113. Kalsbeek A, "GABA release from suprachiasmatic nucleus terminals is necessary for the light-induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin release in the rat", Neuroscience, 91, pp.453~461 (1999)
  114. Khaldy H, "Circadian rhythms of dopamine and dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid in the mouse striatum : effects of pinealectomy and of melatonin treatment", Neuroendocrinology, 75, pp.201~208 (2002)
  115. Uz T, "The pineal gland is critical for circadian period1 expression in the striatum and for circadian cocaine sensitization in mice", Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, pp.2117~2123 (2003)
  116. Macchi MM, "Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin", Front Neuroendocrinol, 25, pp.177~195 (2004)
  117. Burton R, "The Natomy of Melancholy", Oxford University Press
  118. Richter CP, "Biological Clocks in Medicine and Psychiatry" (1965), Charles C. Thomas
  119. Souêtre E, "Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery : evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality", Psychiatry Res, 28, pp.263~278 (1989)
  120. Atkinson M, "Autorhythmometry in manic-depressives", Chronobiologia, 2, pp.325~335 (1975)
  121. Hall P, "Diurnal variation of subjective mood in depressive states", Psychiatr Q, 38, pp.529~536 (1964)
  122. Wehr TA, "Circadian rhythm mechanisms in affective illness and in antidepressant drug action", Pharmacopsychiatria, 15, pp.31~39 (1982)
  123. Zung WWK, "Seasonal variation of suicide and depression", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 30, pp.89~91 (1974)
  124. Milstein V, "Manic depressive illness : onset, diurnal temperature and season of birth", Dis Nerv Syst, 37, pp.373~375 (1976)
  125. Eastwood MR, "Seasonal patterns of suicide, depression and electroconvulsive therapy", Br J Psychiatry, 129, pp.472~475 (1976)
  126. Frangos E, "Seasonality of the episodes of recurrent affective psychoses : possible prophylactic interventions", J Affect Disord, 2, pp.239~247 (1980)
  127. Berkol TD, "Comparison of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of bipolar patients with and without seasonal patterns", Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg, 18 (2017)
  128. Faedda GL, "Seasonal mood disorders : patterns of seasonal recurrence in mania and depression", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 50, pp.17~23 (1993)
  129. Iasevoli F, "Melatonin, Neuroprotective Agents and Antidepressant Therapy", pp.273~295 (2016), Springer
  130. McClung CA, "How might circadian rhythms control mood? Let me count the ways..", Biol Psychiatry, 74, pp.242~249 (2013)
  131. Wehr TA, "Circadian rhythm disturbances in manic-depressive illness", Fed Proc, 42, pp.2809~2814 (1983)
  132. Wirz-Justice A, "Sleep deprivation and clomipramine in endogenous depression", Lancet, 308, pp.912~ (1976)
  133. Wirz-Justice A, "Sleep deprivation : effects on circadian rhythms of rat brain neurotransmitter receptors", Psychiatry Res, 5, pp.67~76 (1981)
  134. Simon RD, "Shift work disorder : clinical assessment and treatment strategies", J Clin Psychiatry, 73, pp.e20~ (2012)
  135. Vargas I, "Insomnia and psychiatric disorders", Sleep Heal, 2019, pp.373~389
  136. Vadnie CA, "Circadian rhythm disturbances in mood disorders : insights into the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus", Neural Plast, 2017, pp.1~28 (2017)
  137. Stubbs B, "A population study of the association between sleep disturbance and suicidal behaviour in people with mental illness", J Psychiatr Res, 82, pp.149~154 (2016)
  138. Monteleone P, "The circadian basis of mood disorders : Recent developments and treatment implications", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 18, pp.701~711 (2008)
  139. Kupfer DJ, "The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disorders", Am J Psychiatry, 135, pp.69~74 (1978)
  140. Kupfer DJ, "Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eyemovement sleep as an indicator of depression", Lancet, 300, pp.684~686 (1972)
  141. Kupfer DJ, "Application of automated REM and slow wave sleep analysis : II. Testing the assumptions of the two-process model of sleep regulation in normal and depressed subjects", Psychiatry Res, 13, pp.335~343 (1984)
  142. Rush AJ, "Polysomnographic findings in recently drug-free and clinically remitted depressed patients", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 43, pp.878~884 (1986)
  143. Giles DE, "Reduced rapid eye movement latency. A predictor of recurrence in depression", Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, pp.33~39 (1987)
  144. Pillai V, "A meta-analysis of electroencephalographic sleep in depression : evidence for genetic biomarkers", Biol Psychiatry, 70, pp.912~919 (2011)
  145. Rotenberg VS, "REM sleep latency and wakefulness in the first sleep cycle as markers of major depression : a controlled study vs. schizophrenia and normal controls", Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry, 26, pp.1211~1215 (2002)
  146. Steiger A, "Wake and sleep EEG provide biomarkers in depression", J Psychiatr Res, 44, pp.242~252 (2010)
  147. Monteleone P, "Circadian rhythms and treatment implications in depression", Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry, 35, pp.1569~1574 (2011)
  148. De Berardis D, "The role of melatonin in mood disorders", ChronoPhysiology Ther, 5, pp.65~75 (2015)
  149. Emens J, "Circadian misalignment in major depressive disorder", Psychiatry Res, 168, pp.259~261 (2009)
  150. Shafii M, "Nocturnal serum melatonin profile in major depression in children and adolescents", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53, pp.1009~1013 (1996)
  151. Hasler BP, "Phase relationships between core body temperature, melatonin, and sleep are associated with depression severity : further evidence for circadian misalignment in non-seasonal depression", Psychiatry Res, 178, pp.205~207 (2010)
  152. Cagnacci A, "Homeostatic versus circadian effects of melatonin on core body temperature in humans", J Biol Rhythms, 12, pp.509~517 (1997)
  153. Wirz-Justice A, "Biological rhythm disturbances in mood disorders", Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 21, pp.S11~S15 (2006)
  154. Kennaway DJ, "Clock genes at the heart of depression", J Psychopharmacol, 24, pp.5~14 (2010)
  155. Etain B, "Genetics of circadian rhythms and mood spectrum disorders", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 21, pp.S676~S682 (2011)
  156. Melhuish Beaupre L, "Circadian genes in major depressive disorder", World J Biol Psychiatry, 21, pp.80~90 (2020)
  157. Herbert J, "Do corticosteroids damage the brain?", J Neuroendocrinol, 18, pp.393~411 (2006)
  158. Dumbell R, "Circadian clocks, stress, and immunity", Front Endocrinol(Lausanne), 7, pp.37~ (2016)
  159. Carroll BJ, "Resistance to suppression by dexamethasone of plasma 11-O.H.C.S. levels in severe depressive illness", Br Med J, 3, pp.285~287 (1968)
  160. Keller J, "HPA axis in major depression : cortisol, clinical symptomatology and genetic variation predict cognition", Mol Psychiatry, 22, pp.527~536 (2017)
  161. Gold PW, "The organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in depressive illness", Mol Psychiatry, 20, pp.32~47 (2015)
  162. Goodyer IM, "Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol", DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression, 1998, pp.28, 265~273
  163. "Neuropsychopharmacology", 2002, 410~
  164. Markopoulou K, "The ratio of cortisol", DHEA in treatment resistant depression, 2009, pp.34, 19~26
  165. Pariante CM, "The HPA axis in major depression : classical theories and new developments", Trends Neurosci, 31, pp.464~468 (2008)
  166. Carvalho LA, "Antidepressants, but not antipsychotics, modulate GR function in human whole blood : an insight into molecular mechanisms", Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 20, pp.379~387 (2010)
  167. Raison CL, "Is depression an inflammatory disorder", Curr Psychiatry Rep, 13, pp.467~475 (2011)
  168. Pasco JA, "Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with de novo major depression", Br J Psychiatry, 197, pp.372~377 (2010)
  169. Postal M, "The importance of cytokines and autoantibodies in depression", Autoimmun Rev, 14, pp.30~35 (2015)
  170. Felger JC, "Inflammatory cytokines in depression : Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications", Neuroscience, 246, pp.199~229 (2013)
  171. Narasimamurthy R, "Circadian clock protein cryptochrome regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines", Proc Natl Acad Sci, 109, pp.12662~12667 (2012)
  172. Imeri L, "How(and why)the immune system makes us sleep", Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, pp.199~210 (2009)
  173. Irwin MR, "Sleep disturbance, Sleep duration, and inflammation : a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation", Biol Psychiatry, 80, pp.40~52 (2016)
  174. Plante DT, "Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder : therapeutic implications", Am J Psychiatry, 165, pp.830~843 (2008)
  175. Harvey AG, "Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder : seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation", Am J Psychiatry, 165, pp.820~829 (2008)
  176. Dallaspezia S, "Oxford Textbook of Sleep Disorders", pp.451~ (2017), Oxford University Press
  177. Rocha PMB, "Significant sleep disturbances in euthymic bipolar patients", Compr Psychiatry, 54, pp.1003~1008 (2013)
  178. Geoffroy PA, "Sleep in patients with remitted bipolar disorders : a meta-analysis of actigraphy studies", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 131, pp.89~99 (2015)
  179. Kaplan KA, "Hypersomnia subtypes, sleep and relapse in bipolar disorder", Psychol Med, 45, pp.1751~1763 (2015)
  180. Boudebesse C, "Correlations between objective and subjective sleep and circadian markers in remitted patients with bipolar disorder", Chronobiol Int, 31, pp.698~704 (2014)
  181. Sylvia LG, "Sleep disturbance may impact treatment outcome in bipolar disorder : a preliminary investigation in the context of a large comparative effectiveness trial", J Affect Disord, 225, pp.563~568 (2018)
  182. Harvey AG, "Treating insomnia improves mood state, sleep, and functioning in bipolar disorder : a pilot randomized controlled trial", J Consult Clin Psychol, 83, pp.564~577 (2015)
  183. Kanady JC, "A Retrospective examination of sleep disturbance across the course of bipolar disorder", J Sleep Disord Ther, 4, pp.1000193~ (2015)
  184. Ng TH, "Sleep–wake disturbance in interepisode bipolar disorder and high-risk individuals : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Sleep Med Rev, 20, pp.46~58 (2015)
  185. Robillard R, "Sleep-Wake cycle and melatonin rhythms in adolescents and young adults with mood disorders : comparison of unipolar and bipolar phenotypes", Eur Psychiatry, 28, pp.412~416 (2013)
  186. Nováková M, "The circadian system of patients with bipolar disorder differs in episodes of mania and depression", Bipolar Disord, 17, pp.303~314 (2015)
  187. Kennedy SH, "Melatonin and cortisol"switches"during mania, depression, and euthymia in a drug-free bipolar patient", J Nerv Ment Dis, 177, pp.300~303 (1989)
  188. Lewy AJ, "Plasma melatonin in manic-depressive illness", Catech Basic Clin Front, pp.1173~1175 (1979)
  189. Lewy AJ, "Manic-depressive patients may be supersensitive to light", Lancet, 317, pp.383~384 (1981)
  190. Livianos L, "Is melatonin an adjunctive stabilizer", Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 66, pp.82~83 (2012)
  191. Geoffroy PA, "Clock genes and light signaling alterations in bipolar disorder : when the biological clock is off", Biol Psychiatry, 84, pp.775~777 (2018)
  192. McCarthy MJ, "Cellular circadian clocks in mood disorders", J Biol Rhythms, 27, pp.339~352 (2012)
  193. Coque L, "Specific role of VTA dopamine neuronal firing rates and morphology in the reversal of anxiety-Rrelated, but not depression-related behavior in the clockΔ19 mouse model of mania", Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, pp.1478~1488 (2011)
  194. Abarca C, "Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, pp.9026~9030 (2002)
  195. Roybal K, "Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, pp.6406~6411 (2007)
  196. Parekh PK, "Altered GluA1(Gria1)function and accumbal synaptic plasticity in the ClockΔ19 model of bipolar mania", Biol Psychiatry, 84, pp.817~826 (2018)
  197. Gekakis N, "Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism", Science, 280, pp.1564~1569 (1998)
  198. Pawlak J, "Suicidal behavior in the context of disrupted rhythmicity in bipolar disorder-Data from an association study of suicide attempts with clock genes", Psychiatry Res, 226, pp.517~520 (2015)
  199. Belvederi Murri M, "The HPA axis in bipolar disorder : systematic review and metaanalysis", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, pp.327~342 (2016)
  200. Sigitova E, "Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder", Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 71, pp.77~103 (2017)
  201. Girshkin L, "Morning cortisol levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder : a meta-analysis", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 49, pp.187~206 (2014)
  202. Modabbernia A, "Cytokine alterations in bipolar disorder : a meta-analysis of 30 studies", Biol Psychiatry, 74, pp.15~25 (2013)
  203. Brietzke E, "Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder", J Affect Disord, 116, pp.214~217 (2009)
  204. Bai YM, "Comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokines among patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression and normal controls", Bipolar Disord, 17, pp.269~277 (2015)
  205. Peirson SN, "Circadian Medicine", pp.271~282 (2015), Wiley-Blackwell
  206. Wulff K, "Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia", Br J Psychiatry, 200, pp.308~316 (2012)
  207. Howes OD, "The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia : version III--the final common Pathway", Schizophr Bull, 35, pp.549~562 (2009)
  208. Yates NJ, "Schizophrenia : the role of sleep and circadian rhythms in regulating dopamine and psychosis", Rev Neurosci, 27, pp.669~687 (2016)
  209. Monti JM, "Sleep and circadian rhythm dysregulation in schizophrenia", Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry, 43, pp.209~216 (2013)
  210. Fasshauer D, "Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion complex : SNARE proteins reclassified as Q-and R-SNAREs", Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, pp.15781~15786 (1998)
  211. Oliver PL, "Interaction between environmental and genetic factors modulates schizophrenic endophenotypes in the Snap-25mouse mutant blind-drunk", Hum Mol Genet, 18, pp.4576~4589 (2009)
  212. Oliver PL, "Disrupted circadian rhythms in a mouse model of schizophrenia", Curr Biol, 22, pp.314~319 (2012)
  213. Lamont EW, "Circadian rhythms and clock genes in psychotic disorders", Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 47, pp.27~35 (2010)
  214. Cosgrave J, "Sleep, circadian rhythms, and schizophrenia", Curr Opin Psychiatry, 31, pp.176~182 (2018)
  215. Sasidharan A, "Further evidences for sleep instability and impaired spindle-delta dynamics in schizophrenia : a whole-night polysomnography study with neuroloop-gain and sleep-cycle analysis", Sleep Med, 38, pp.1~13 (2017)
  216. Chan MS, "Sleep in schizophrenia : a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings in case-control studies", Sleep Med Rev, 32, pp.69~84 (2017)
  217. Kaskie RE, "Reduced frontal slow wave density during sleep in first-episode psychosis", Schizophr Res, 206, pp.318~324 (2019)
  218. Bian Y, "Meta-analysis of sleep structure in patients with untreated schizophrenia", Chinese Ment Heal J, 31, pp.208~214 (2017)
  219. Li SX, "Sleep disturbances and suicide risk in an 8-year longitudinal study of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders", Sleep, 39, pp.1275~1282 (2016)
  220. Anderson G, "Melatonin : an overlooked factor in schizophrenia and in the inhibition of anti-psychotic side effects", Metab Brain Dis, 27, pp.113~119 (2012)
  221. Olcese JM, "Protection against cognitive deficits and markers of neurodegeneration by long-term oral administration of melatonin in a transgenic model of Alzheimer disease", J Pineal Res, 47, pp.82~96 (2009)
  222. Galván-Arrieta T, "The role of melatonin in the neurodevelopmental etiology of schizophrenia : A study in human olfactory neuronal precursors", J Pineal Res, 63, pp.e12421~ (2017)
  223. Rao ML, "Circadian rhythm of tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin, and pituitary hormones in schizophrenia", Biol Psychiatry, 35, pp.151~163 (1994)
  224. Sandyk R, "The relationship of pineal calcification to cortical atrophy in schizophrenia", Int J Neurosci, 57, pp.179~191 (1991)
  225. Witkovsky P, "Dopamine and retinal function", Doc Ophthalmol, 108, pp.17~39 (2004)
  226. Tardito D, "Blockade of stress-induced increase of glutamate release in the rat prefrontal", frontal cortex by agomelatine involves synergy between melatonergic and 5-HT2Creceptor-dependent pathways, 2010, pp.11, 1~4
  227. Lewis DA, "Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia : convergence of γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate alterations", Arch Neurol, 63, pp.1372~1376 (2006)
  228. Gorfine T, "Sleepanticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain", Neuroimage, 31, pp.410~418 (2006)
  229. Shamir E, "Melatonin Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, pp.1049~1052 (2001)
  230. Onaolapo AY, "Melatonin attenuates behavioural deficits and reduces brain oxidative stress in a rodent model of schizophrenia", Biomed Pharmacother, 92, pp.373~383 (2017)
  231. Zubin J, "Vulnerability : a new view of schizophrenia", J Abnorm Psychol, 86, pp.103~126 (1977)
  232. Coulon N, "Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in individuals with schizophrenia : a critical literature review", J Physiol, 110, pp.439~447 (2016)
  233. Singh M, "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis functioning among patients with schizophrenia: a cross sectional comparative study", J Psychiatry (South Africa), 18, pp.1000211~ (2015)
  234. Mittal VA, "Minor physical anomalies and vulnerability in prodromal youth", Schizophr Res, 129, pp.116~121 (2011)
  235. Carol EE, "Resting cortisol level, self-concept, and putative familial environment in adolescents at ultra high-risk for psychotic disorders", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 57, pp.26~36 (2015)
  236. Bradley AJ, "Review : a systematic review of hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis function in schizophrenia : implications for mortality", J Psychopharmacol, 24, pp.91~118 (2010)
  237. Zorn J V, "Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, pp.25~36 (2017)
  238. Remes O, "A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations", Brain Behav, 6, pp.e00497~ (2016)
  239. Boland EM, "Recent advances in the study of sleep in the anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder", Psychiatr Clin North Am, 38, pp.761~776 (2015)
  240. Cox RC, "A systematic review of sleep disturbance in anxiety and related disorders", J Anxiety Disord, 37, pp.104~129 (2016)
  241. Mesa F, "An examination of psychopathology and daily impairment in adolescents with social anxiety disorder", PLoS One, 9, pp.e93668~ (2014)
  242. Brown TM, "The sleep architecture of social phobia", Biol Psychiatry, 35, pp.420~421 (1994)
  243. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5" (2013), American Psychiatric Pub
  244. Cox RC, "Circadian rhythms in obsessive-compulsive disorder : recent findings and recommendations for future research", Curr Psychiatry Rep, 21, pp.54~ (2019)
  245. Kupfer D, "Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eyemovement sleep as an indicator of depression", Lancet, 300, pp.684~686 (1972)
  246. Kupfer DJ, "REM latency : a psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease", Biol Psychiatry, 11, pp.159~174 (1976)
  247. Sitaram N, "Cholinergic regulation of mood and REM sleep : Potential model and marker of vulnerability to affective disorder", Am J Psychiatry, 139, pp.571~576 (1982)
  248. Millar A, "The sleep of remitted bipolar outpatients : a controlled naturalistic study using actigraphy", J Affect Disord, 80, pp.145~153 (2004)
  249. Hudson JI, "Polysomnographic characteristics of young manic patients : comparison with unipolar depressed patients and normal control subjects", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 49, pp.378~383 (1992)
  250. Linkowski P, "Sleep electroencephalogram and rhythm disturbances in mood disorders", Curr Opin Psychiatry, 6, pp.35~37 (1993)
  251. Hudson JI, "Electroencephalographic sleep in mania", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, pp.267~273 (1988)
  252. Gillin JC, "Successful separation of depressed, normal, and insomniac subjects by EEG sleep data", Arch Gen Psychiatry, 36, pp.85~90 (1979)
  253. Lauer CJ, "All-night electroencephalographic sleep and cranial computed tomography in depression-A study of unipolar and bipolar patients", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 242, pp.59~68 (1992)
  254. Giles DE, "Sleep parameters in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar depressions", Biol Psychiatry, 21, pp.1340~1343 (1986)
  255. Fossion P, "Does sleep EEG data distinguish between UP, BPI or BPII major depressions? An age and gender controlled study", J Affect Disord, 49, pp.181~187 (1998)
  256. Jernajczyk W, "Latency of eye movement and other REM sleep parameters in bipolar depression", Biol Psychiatry, 21, pp.465~472 (1986)
  257. Bian Y, "Sleep architecture in drug naive patients with schizophrenia : a meta-analysis", Chinese Ment Heal J, 31, pp.208~214 (2017)
  258. Nelson JC, "DST studies in psychotic depression : a metaanalysis", Am J Psychiatry, 154, pp.1497~1503 (1997)
  259. Keller J, "Cortisol circadian rhythm alterations in psychotic major depression", Biol Psychiatry, 60, pp.275~281 (2006)
  260. Belanoff JK, "Cortisol activity and cognitive changes in psychotic major depression", Am J Psychiatry, 158, pp.1612~1616 (2001)
  261. Gold PW, "The organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in depressive illness", Mol Psychiatry, 20, pp.32~47 (2014)
  262. Pelham RW, "Twenty-fourhour cycle of a melatonin-like substance in the plasma of human males", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 37, pp.341~344 (1973)
  263. Wetterberg L, "Clinical importance of melatonin", Prog Brain Res, 52, pp.539~547 (1979)
  264. Claustrat B, "A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects : plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression", Biol Psychiatry, 19, pp.1215~1228 (1984)
  265. Parry BL, "Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders", Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, pp.S102~S108 (2001)
  266. Beck-Friis J, "Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 71, pp.319~330 (1985)
  267. Nair NPV, "Circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin in endogenous depression", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 8, pp.715~718 (1984)
  268. Brown R, "Differences in nocturnal melatonin secretion between melancholic depressed patients and control subjects", Am J Psychiatry, 142, pp.811~816 (1985)
  269. Frazer A, "Patterns of melatonin rhythms in depression", J Neural Transm Suppl, 21, pp.269~290 (1986)
  270. Fountoulakis KN, "Morning and evening plasma melatonin and dexamethasone suppression test in patients with nonseasonal major depressive disorder from northern Greece(latitude 40-41. 5°)", Neuropsychobiology, 44, pp.113~117 (2001)
  271. Paparrigopoulos T, "Melatonin response to atenolol administration in depression : indication of β-adrenoceptor dysfunction in a subtype of depression", Acta Psychiatr Scand, 106, pp.440~445 (2002)
  272. Wehr TA, "Sleep and circadian rhythms in affective patients isolated from external time cues", Psychiatry Res, 15, pp.327~339 (1985)
  273. Buckley TM, "A pilot study of the phase angle between cortisol and melatonin in major depression-A potential biomarker", J Psychiatr Res, 44, pp.69~74 (2010)
  274. Khaleghipour S, "Morning and nocturnal serum melatonin rhythm levels in patients with major depressive disorder : an analytical cross-sectional study", Sao Paulo Med J, 130, pp.167~172 (2012)
  275. Crasson M, "Serum melatonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in major depression", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, pp.1~12 (2004)
  276. Tuunainen A, "Depression and endogenous melatonin in postmenopausal women", J Affect Disord, 69, pp.149~158 (2002)
  277. Rahman SA, "Altered sleep architecture and higher incidence of subsyndromal depression in low endogenous melatonin secretors", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 260, pp.327~335 (2010)
  278. Beck-Friis J, "Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season and the use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 9, pp.261~277 (1984)
  279. Kennedy SH, "Nocturnal melatonin and 24-hour 6-sulphatoxymelatonin levels in various phases of bipolar affective disorder", Psychiatry Res, 63, pp.219~222 (1996)
  280. Monteleone P, "Decreased nocturnal secretion of melatonin in drug-free schizophrenics : No change after subchronic treatment with antipsychotics", Neuropsychobiology, 36, pp.159~163 (1997)
  281. Monteleone P, "Depressed nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in drug-free paranoid schizophrenics", Schizophr Res, 7, pp.77~84 (1992)
  282. Bersani G, "Reduction of night", day difference in melatonin blood levels as a possible diseaserelated index in schizophrenia, 2003, pp.24, 181~184

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (14건)