A Global Perspective on Incidence and Regional Trends of Opioid Use Disorders From 1990 to 2021
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Objective Opioid use disorders (OUDs) have become a significant global public health challenge. Despite extensive research on the opioid crisis, the trends in incidence and regional disparities remain inadequately understood.Methods Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, covering 204 countries and territories. OUDs incidence cases and rates per 100,000 population were analyzed over the study period. Trends were evaluated using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).Results Globally, OUDs cases increased by 49.25% from 1,301,551 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,077,634 to 1,598,053) in 1990 to 1,942,525 (95% UI: 1,643,342 to 2,328,363) in 2021. The incidence rate in 2021 was 24.62 per 100,000 population, with an EAPC of -0.25 (95% confidence interval: -0.39 to -0.1). Males had slightly higher rates than females (25.39 vs. 23.84 per 100,000). Individuals aged 15–49 years carried the highest burden, while older age groups showed the largest increases in cases. High-income North America reported the highest incidence rate in 2021 (123.28 per 100,000) and the largest case increase (425.34%). Among countries, the United States had the highest incidence rate increase (EAPC: 5.55), while Switzerland experienced the largest decline (EAPC: -4.33). A moderate positive correlation was identified between 2021 incidence rates and socio-demographic development (ρ=0.382, p<0.001).Conclusion This study highlights substantial global variability in OUDs trends, with significant differences across regions, sexes, age groups, and countries. Findings emphasize the need for tailored prevention and treatment strategies.
Abstract
Objective Opioid use disorders (OUDs) have become a significant global public health challenge. Despite extensive research on the opioid crisis, the trends in incidence and regional disparities remain inadequately understood.Methods Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021, covering 204 countries and territories. OUDs incidence cases and rates per 100,000 population were analyzed over the study period. Trends were evaluated using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).Results Globally, OUDs cases increased by 49.25% from 1,301,551 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,077,634 to 1,598,053) in 1990 to 1,942,525 (95% UI: 1,643,342 to 2,328,363) in 2021. The incidence rate in 2021 was 24.62 per 100,000 population, with an EAPC of -0.25 (95% confidence interval: -0.39 to -0.1). Males had slightly higher rates than females (25.39 vs. 23.84 per 100,000). Individuals aged 15–49 years carried the highest burden, while older age groups showed the largest increases in cases. High-income North America reported the highest incidence rate in 2021 (123.28 per 100,000) and the largest case increase (425.34%). Among countries, the United States had the highest incidence rate increase (EAPC: 5.55), while Switzerland experienced the largest decline (EAPC: -4.33). A moderate positive correlation was identified between 2021 incidence rates and socio-demographic development (ρ=0.382, p<0.001).Conclusion This study highlights substantial global variability in OUDs trends, with significant differences across regions, sexes, age groups, and countries. Findings emphasize the need for tailored prevention and treatment strategies.