Measurement of urinary protein in children
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Proteinuria is an early hallmark of kidney disease and a major risk factor for systemic cardiovascular diseases. There are several methods to measure proteinuria, such as the urine dipstick test, 24-hour urinary protein excretion method, and spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio. The urine dipstick test is simple but inaccurate. The 24-hour urinary protein excretion method is the gold standard; however, it is cumbersome, especially in children. Spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio is simple and accurate, but has limitations. Specific urinary protein such as albumin can be measured instead of the total protein content. Tests should be avoided in situations that cause transient proteinuria or false-positive results. It should be performed correctly, and its limitations should be recognized and interpreted accurately.
Abstract
Proteinuria is an early hallmark of kidney disease and a major risk factor for systemic cardiovascular diseases. There are several methods to measure proteinuria, such as the urine dipstick test, 24-hour urinary protein excretion method, and spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio. The urine dipstick test is simple but inaccurate. The 24-hour urinary protein excretion method is the gold standard; however, it is cumbersome, especially in children. Spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio is simple and accurate, but has limitations. Specific urinary protein such as albumin can be measured instead of the total protein content. Tests should be avoided in situations that cause transient proteinuria or false-positive results. It should be performed correctly, and its limitations should be recognized and interpreted accurately.
참고문헌 (32)
- Currie G, "Proteinuria and its relation to cardiovascular disease", Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis, 7, pp.13~24 (2013)
- White SL, "Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community", Am J Kidney Dis, 58, pp.19~28 (2011)
- Ariceta G, "Clinical practice : proteinuria", Eur J Pediatr, 170, pp.15~20 (2011)
- Aukland K, "Albustix for testing proteinuria a comparison with Heller’s test judged by quantitative determination of protein", Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 11, pp.172~176 (1959)
- Lamb EJ, "How should proteinuria be detected and measured?", Ann Clin Biochem, 46(Pt 3), pp.205~217 (2009)
- Larkins NG, "A narrative review of proteinuria and albuminuria as clinical biomarkers in children", J Paediatr Child Health, 55, pp.136~142 (2019)
- Kliegman RM, "Nelson textbook of pediatrics" (2020), Elsevier
- Simerville JA, "Urinalysis : a comprehensive review", Am Fam Physician, 71, pp.1153~1162 (2005)
- Utsch B, "Urinalysis in children and adolescents", Dtsch Arztebl Int, 111, pp.617~626 (2014)
- Filler G, "Spot urine protein to creatinine ratio", Pediatr Nephrol, 32, pp.917~919 (2017)
- Kaminska J, "Diagnostic utility of protein to creatinine ratio(P", C ratio)in spot urine sample within routine clinical practice, 2020, pp.57, 345~364
- "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases", Kidney Int, 100(4S), pp.S1~S276 (2021)
- Ginsberg JM, "Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria", N Engl J Med, 309, pp.1543~1546 (1983)
- 장경미, "Clinical Approach to Children with Proteinuria", Childhood Kidney Diseases, 21(2), pp.53~60 (2017), 대한소아신장학회
- Abitbol C, "Quantitation of proteinuria with urinary protein", creatinine ratios and random testing with dipsticks in nephrotic children, 1990, pp.116, 243~247
- Huang Y, "Correlation of urine protein", creatinine ratios to 24-h urinary protein for quantitating proteinuria in children, 2020, pp.35, 463~468
- Yang CY, "Diagnostic accuracy of urine protein", creatinine ratio is influenced by urine concentration, 2015, pp.10, e0137460~
- Viswanathan G, "Assessment of proteinuria", Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 18, pp.243~248 (2011)
- Yaribeygi H, "Narrative review of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on albuminuria", J Cell Physiol, 234, pp.5786~5797 (2019)
- Castrop H, "Novel routes of albumin passage across the glomerular filtration barrier", Acta Physiol(Oxf), 219, pp.544~553 (2017)
- Stephen R, "Albuminuria : when urine predicts kidney and cardiovascular disease", Cleve Clin J Med, 81, pp.41~50 (2014)
- "Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management" (2021)[URL]
- Levin A, "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease", Kidney Int Suppl, 3, pp.1~150 (2013)
- van den Belt SM, "How to measure and monitor albuminuria in healthy toddlers?", PLoS One, 13, pp.e0199309~ (2018)
- 채현욱, "Spot Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio and Serum Cystatin C are Effective for Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy in Childhood Diabetic Patients", Journal of Korean Medical Science, 27(7), pp.784~787 (2012), 대한의학회[DOI]
- Tsioufis C, "Microalbuminuria in the paediatric age : current knowledge and emerging questions", Acta Paediatr, 100, pp.1180~1184 (2011)
- Chiang JL, "Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents : a position statement by the American Diabetes Association", Diabetes Care, 41, pp.2026~2044 (2018)
- Kashtan CE, "Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alport syndrome in children, adolescents, and young adults: an update for 2020", Pediatr Nephrol, 36, pp.711~719 (2021)
- Gimpel C, "International consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in children and young people", Nat Rev Nephrol, 15, pp.713~726 (2019)
- Fuhrman DY, "Albuminuria, proteinuria, and renal disease progression in children with CKD", Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 12, pp.912~920 (2017)
- Lin CY, "Childhood albuminuria and chronic kidney disease is associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease", Pediatr Neonatol, 57, pp.280~287 (2016)
- el Hag AI, "Proteinuria in Sudanese children", Ann Trop Paediatr, 4, pp.99~102 (1984)