본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

운동훈련과 단백질 섭취에 따른 골격근 단백질 대사: 안정성 동위원소 추적체법을 이용한 연구결과를 중심으로

Review on Exercise Training and Protein Intake in Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism

김일영|신윤아
한국운동생리학회|2017.05|운동과학 (Exercise Science)|제26권 제2호|pp. 103-114|DOI https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2017.26.2.103

2

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Exercise단백질 섭취Protein intake운동훈련골격근 단백질 대사안정성 동위원소 추적체법Skeletal muscle protein metabolismStable isotope tracer methodology

초록

INTRODUCTION: Regulation of skeletal muscle protein mass is implicated not only in exercise performance but in metabolic health. Exercise in combination with nutrition, particularly dietary protein/amino acid intake, are the pragmatic approach that effectively induces muscle anabolic response (i.e., muscle hypertrophy) through regulating protein synthesis and breakdown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to summarize available data on the effect of exercise intervention and amino acids intake on muscle protein synthesis and breakdown and provide an insight into development of an effective exercise intervention and amino acids supplements, applicable to training practice. METHODS: In this review, we have reviewed currently available data mainly from stable isotope tracer studies with respect to the effect of exercise intervention and protein or amino acid supplement on muscle protein anabolic response. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, exercise alone may not be effective in achieving a positive net muscle protein balance due to the fact that protein breakdown still exceeds protein synthesis until nutrition intake such as protein/amino acids. It appears that muscle anabolic response increases in proportional to the amount of protein intake up to 20 – 35 g depending on quality of protein, age, differences on exercise intensity, duration, and frequency, and individual’s training status.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Regulation of skeletal muscle protein mass is implicated not only in exercise performance but in metabolic health. Exercise in combination with nutrition, particularly dietary protein/amino acid intake, are the pragmatic approach that effectively induces muscle anabolic response (i.e., muscle hypertrophy) through regulating protein synthesis and breakdown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to summarize available data on the effect of exercise intervention and amino acids intake on muscle protein synthesis and breakdown and provide an insight into development of an effective exercise intervention and amino acids supplements, applicable to training practice. METHODS: In this review, we have reviewed currently available data mainly from stable isotope tracer studies with respect to the effect of exercise intervention and protein or amino acid supplement on muscle protein anabolic response. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, exercise alone may not be effective in achieving a positive net muscle protein balance due to the fact that protein breakdown still exceeds protein synthesis until nutrition intake such as protein/amino acids. It appears that muscle anabolic response increases in proportional to the amount of protein intake up to 20 – 35 g depending on quality of protein, age, differences on exercise intensity, duration, and frequency, and individual’s training status.

참고문헌 (85)

  1. Loos R, "Gender-specific regional changes in genetic structure of muscularity in early adolescence", Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(6), pp.1802~1810 (1997)
  2. Thomis MA, "Multivariate genetic analysis of maximal isometric muscle force at different elbow angles", Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(3), pp.959~967 (1997)
  3. Seeman E, "Do genetic factors explain associations between muscle strength, lean mass, and bone density? A twin study", American Journal of Physiology, 270(2), pp.E320~E327 (1996)
  4. Bohé J, "Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability : A dose-response study", The Journal of Physiology, 552(1), pp.315~324 (2003)
  5. Cuthbertson D, "Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle", FASEB Journal, 19(3), pp.422~424 (2005)
  6. Bodine SC, "mTOR signaling and the molecular adaptation to resistance exercise", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(11), pp.1950~1957 (2006)
  7. Rennie MJ, "Control of the size of the human muscle mass", Annual Review of Physiology, 66, pp.799~828 (2004)
  8. Phillips SM, "Gender differences in leucine kinetics and nitrogen balance in endurance athletes", Journal of Applied Physiology, 75(5), pp.2134~2141 (1993)
  9. Kraemer WJ, "Training responses of plasma beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21(2), pp.146~153 (1989)
  10. Tipton KD, "Ingestion of casein and whey proteins results in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(12), pp.2073~2081 (2004)
  11. Børsheim E, "Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Metabolism, 283(4), pp.E648~E657 (2002)
  12. Fujita S, "Nutrient signaling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis", The Journal of Physiology, 582(2), pp.813~823 (2007)
  13. Koopman R, "Protein ingestion further augments S6K1 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle following resistance type exercise in males", Journal of Nutrition, 137(8), pp.1880~1886 (2007)
  14. Tang JE, "Resistance training alters the response of fed state mixed muscle protein synthesis in young men", American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(1), pp.R172~R178 (2008)
  15. Wolfe RR, "Isotope tracers in metabolic research" (2005), John Wiley & Sons, Inc
  16. Kim IY, "Quantity of dietary protein intake, but not pattern of intake, affects net protein balance primarily through differences in protein synthesis in older adults", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Metabolism, 308(1), pp.E21~E28 (2015)
  17. Kim IY, "Applications of stable, nonradioactive isotope tracers in vivo human metabolic research", Experimental Molecule Medicine, 48(1), pp.e203~ (2016)
  18. Baumann PQ, "Precursor pools of protein synthesis: a stable isotope study in a swine model", American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 267(2), pp.E203~E209 (1994)
  19. Zhang XJ, "An isotopic method for measurement of muscle protein fractional breakdown rate in vivo", American Journal of Physiology, 270(5), pp.E759~E767 (1996)
  20. Jaleel A, "In vivo measurement of synthesis rate of individual skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins", American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 295(5), pp.E1255~E1268 (2008)
  21. Burd NA, "Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub-fractional synthetic responses in men", The Journal of Physiology, 590(2), pp.351~362 (2012)
  22. Kim IY, "The anabolic response to a meal containing different amounts of protein is not limited by the maximal stimulation of protein synthesis in healthy young adults", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Metabolis, 310(1), pp.E73~E80 (2016)
  23. Zhang XJ, "Measurement of muscle protein fractional synthesis and breakdown rates from a pulse tracer injection", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Metabolism, 283(4), pp.E753~E764 (2002)
  24. Biolo G, "Vars Research Award: A new model to determine in vivo the relationship between amino acid transmembrane transport and protein kinetics in muscle", Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 16(4), pp.305~315 (1992)
  25. Biolo G, "Transmembrane transport and intracellular kinetics of amino acids in human skeletal muscle", American Journal of Physiology, 268(1), pp.E75~E84 (1995)
  26. Biolo G, "An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein", American Journal of Physiology, 273(1), pp.E122~E129 (1997)
  27. Volpi E, "Basal muscle amino acid kinetics and protein synthesis in healthy young and older men", JAMA, 286(10), pp.1206~1212 (2001)
  28. Miller S, "In vivo muscle amino acid transport involves two distinct processes", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Metabolism, 287(1), pp.E136~E141 (2004)
  29. Hasten DL, "Resistance exercise acutely increases MHC and mixed muscle protein synthesis rates in 78-84 and 23-32 yr olds", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278(4), pp.E620~E626 (2000)
  30. Balagopal P, "Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise", American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, 280(2), pp.E203~E208 (2001)
  31. Phillips SM, "Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans", American Journal of Physiology, 273(1), pp.E99~E107 (1997)
  32. Lecker SH, "Muscle protein breakdown and the critical role of the ibiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states", Journal of Nutrition, 129(1), pp.227S~237S (1999)
  33. Cuthbertson D, "Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle", Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, 19(3), pp.422~424 (2005)
  34. Sheffield-Moore M, "Postexercise protein metabolism in older and younger men following moderate-intensity aerobic exercise", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 287(3), pp.E513~E522 (2004)
  35. Hoppeler H, "The ultrastructure of the normal human skeletal muscle. A morphometric analysis on untrained men, women and well-trained orienteers", Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 344(3), pp.217~232 (1973)
  36. Fink WJ, "Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part II. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301(1), pp.323~327 (1977)
  37. Phillips SM, "Resistancetraining-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle protein turnover in the fed state", Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 80(11), pp.1045~1053 (2002)
  38. Kim PL, "Fasted-state skeletal muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise is altered with training", The Journal of Physiology, 568(1), pp.283~290 (2005)
  39. Short KR, "Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and muscle protein metabolism", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 286(1), pp.E92~E101 (2004)
  40. Pikosky MA, "Aerobic exercise training increases skeletal muscle protein turnover in healthy adults at rest", Journal of Nutrition, 136(2), pp.379~383 (2006)
  41. Rennie MJ, "Effect of exercise on protein turnover in man", Clinical Science, 61(5), pp.627~639 (1981)
  42. Carraro F, "Effect of exercise and recovery on muscle protein synthesis in human subjects", American Journal of Physiology, 259(4), pp.E470~E476 (1990)
  43. Bolster DR, "AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(27), pp.23977~23980 (2002)
  44. Rasmussen BB, "Contractile and nutritional regulation of human muscle growth", Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 31(3), pp.127~131 (2003)
  45. Tipton KD, "Muscle protein metabolism in female swimmers after a combination of resistance and endurance exercise", Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(5), pp.2034~2038 (1996)
  46. Wilkinson SB, "Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle", The Journal of Physiology, 586(15), pp.3701~3717 (2008)
  47. Kumar V, "Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men", The Journal of Physiology, 587(1), pp.211~217 (2008)
  48. Kraemer WJ, "Fundamentals of resistance training : progression and exercise prescription", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(4), pp.674~688 (2004)
  49. Dreyer HC, "Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle", The Journal of Physiology, 576(2), pp.613~624 (2006)
  50. Takarada Y, "Effects of resistance exercise combined with moderate vascular occlusion on muscular function in humans", Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), pp.2097~2106 (2000)
  51. Koopman R, "Increase in S6K1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise occurs mainly in type II muscle fibers", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 290(6), pp.E1245~E1252 (2006)
  52. Moritani T, "Oxygen availability and motor unit activity in humans", European Journal of Applied Physiology, 64(6), pp.552~556 (1992)
  53. Goldspink G, "Work-induced hypertrophy in exercised normal muscles of different ages and the reversibility of hypertrophy after cessation of exercise", The Journal of Physiology, 239(1), pp.179~193 (1974)
  54. Wolfe RR, "Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids", Journal of Nutrition, 132(10), pp.3219S~32124S (2002)
  55. Kraemer WJ, "The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching", Metabolism, 55(3), pp.282~291 (2006)
  56. Ratamess NA, "The effects of amino acid supplementation on muscular performance during resistance training overreaching", The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research, 17(2), pp.250~258 (2003)
  57. Tarnopolsky MA, "Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes", Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), pp.1986~1995 (1992)
  58. Roy BD, "Macronutrient intake and whole body protein metabolism following resistance exercise", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(8), pp.1412~1418 (1997)
  59. Koopman R, "Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 288(4), pp.E645~E653 (2005)
  60. Kraemer WJ, "Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation", Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(4), pp.1544~1555 (1998)
  61. Volek JS, "Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise", Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(1), pp.49~54 (1997)
  62. Bird SP, "Independent and combined effects of liquid carbohydrate", essential amino acid ingestion on hormonal and muscular adaptations following resistance training in untrained men, 2006, pp.97(2), 225~238
  63. Børsheim E, "Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283(4), pp.E648~E657 (2002)
  64. Tipton KD, "Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers", The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10(2), pp.89~95 (1999)
  65. Volpi E, "Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(2), pp.250~258 (2003)
  66. Moore DR, "Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(1), pp.161~168 (2009)
  67. Bos C, "Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans", Journal of Nutrition, 133(5), pp.1308~1315 (2003)
  68. Dangin M, "The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 280(2), pp.E340~E348 (2001)
  69. Burd NA, "Exercise training and protein metabolism : influences of contraction, protein intake, and sexbased differences", Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(5), pp.1692~1701 (2009)
  70. Hartman JW, "Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(2), pp.373~381 (2007)
  71. Tipton KD, "Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 284(1), pp.E76~E89 (2003)
  72. Paddon-Jones D, "Potential ergogenic effects of arginine and creatine supplementation", Journal of Nutrition, 134(10), pp.2888S~2894S (2004)
  73. Volpi E, "Oral amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite higher first-pass splanchnic extraction", American Journal of Physiology, 277(3), pp.E513~E520 (1999)
  74. Tipton KD, "Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise", American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 292(1), pp.E71~E76 (2007)
  75. Ratamess NA, "The effects of amino acid supplementation on muscular performance during resistance training overreaching", The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research, 17(2), pp.250~258 (2003)
  76. Wolfe RR, "Skeletal muscle protein metabolism and resistance exercise", Journal of Nutrition, 136(2), pp.525S~528S (2006)
  77. Esmarck B, "Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans", The Journal of Physiology, 535(1), pp.301~311 (2001)
  78. Kurka JM, "Combined increases in muscle-strengthening activity frequency and protein intake reveal graded relationship with fat-free mass percentage in U.S. adults, NHANES (1999-2004)", The Journal of Frailty Aging, 4(1), pp.26~33 (2015)
  79. Gibala MJ, "Myofibrillar disruption following acute concentric and eccentric resistance exercise in strength-trained men", Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 78(8), pp.656~661 (2000)
  80. Kraemer WJ, "The effects of amino acid supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance training overreaching", Metabolism, 55(3), pp.282~291 (2006)
  81. Fielding RA, "What are the dietary protein requirements of physically active individuals? New evidence on the effects of exercise on protein utilization during post-exercise recovery", Nutrition in Clinical Care, 5(4), pp.191~196 (2002)
  82. Tarnopolsky MA, "Whole body leucine metabolism during and after resistance exercise in fed humans", Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 23(3), pp.326~333 (1991)
  83. Rozenek R, "Effects of high-calorie supplements on body composition and muscular strength following resistance training", The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42(3), pp.340~347 (2002)
  84. Chromiak JA, "Effect of a 10-week strength training program and recovery drink on body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and anaerobic power and capacity", Nutrition, 20(5), pp.420~427 (2004)
  85. Hoffman JR, "Effects of protein supplementation on muscular performance and resting hormonal changes in college football players", Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(1), pp.85~92 (2007)

관련 논문AI추천

A Review on the Optimal Timing of Protein Supplementation on Resistance Training박석, 박재호대한체육학회 · 대한체육학회지2020 · 제18권 제1호Short-term protein intake increases fractional synthesis rate of muscle protein in the elderly: meta-analysis권현수, 성희자, 이대희한국영양학회 · Nutrition Research and Practice2010 · 제4권 제5호Tracing metabolic flux to assess optimal dietary protein and amino acid consumptionFerrando Arny, Kim Il-Young, Park Sanghee, Wolfe Robert R.생화학분자생물학회 · Experimental and Molecular Medicine2022 · 제54권 A review of recent evidence of dietary protein intake and health김은정, 박윤정, Chung Sangwon, Hwang Jin-Taek, Shon Jinyoung한국영양학회 · Nutrition Research and Practice2022 · 제16권 제3호Unraveling Anabolic Resistance in Sarcopenia: A Narrative Synthesis of Age-Related Impairments in Muscle Protein Synthesis강현주대한운동학회 · 아시아 운동학 학술지2025 · 제27권 제3호골격근 발달을 위한 저강도 혈류제한 저항성 운동서동일, 소위영, 장혁기대한운동학회 · 아시아 운동학 학술지2012 · 제14권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)

8주간 레일현수형 보행운동이 편마비 뇌졸중 환자의 발목가동범위와 보행 속도 및 균형에 미치는 영향심영제, 이석주, 김도형pp. 115-121복합운동이 노쇠노인의 혈중 비타민 D 수준과 인지기능에 미치는 영향강현식, 진영윤pp. 122-128지구성 운동이 MPTP로 유도된 파킨슨 질환 모델 쥐의 선조체에서 α-synuclein과 miRNA의 발현에 미치는 영향문수진, 조준용, 오유성, 최동훈pp. 129-138The Effects of Training and Detraining on Metabolic Hormones in Rats주창화, 장재훈pp. 139-144여성 노인의 대퇴 골밀도 감소에 따른 대사증후군과 체력 비교강현식, 이인환, 조진경pp. 145-151
원문 보기