정수처리 과정에서의 미량오염물질의 거동 및 제거 특성
Fates and Removals of Micropollutants in Drinking Water Treatment
1
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Micropollutants emerge in surface water through untreated discharge from sewage and wastewater treatment plants (STPs and WWTPs). Most micropollutants resist the conventional systems in place at water treatment plants (WTPs)and survive the production of tap water. In particular, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors (ECDs) are micropollutants frequently detected in drinking water. In this review, we summarized the distribution of micropollutants at WTPs and also scrutinized the effectiveness and mechanisms for their removal at each stage of drinking water production. Micropollutants demonstrated clear concentrations in the final effluents of WTPs. Although chronic exposure to micropollutants in drinking water has unclear adverse effects on humans, peer reviews have argued that continuous accumulation in water environments and inappropriate removal at WTPs has the potential to eventually affect human health. Among the available removal mechanisms for micropollutants at WTPs, coagulation alone is unlikely to eliminate the pollutants, but ionized compounds can be adsorbed to natural particles (e.g. clay and colloidal particles) and metal salts in coagulants. Hydrophobicities of micropollutants are a critical factor in adsorption removal using activated carbon. Disinfection can reduce contaminants through oxidation by disinfectants (e.g. ozone, chlorine and ultraviolet light), but unidentified toxic byproducts may result from such treatments. Overall, the persistence of micropollutants in a treatment system is based on the physico-chemical properties of chemicals and the operating conditions of the processes involved. Therefore, monitoring of WTPs and effective elimination process studies for pharmaceuticals and ECDs are required to control micropollutant contamination of drinking water.
Abstract
Micropollutants emerge in surface water through untreated discharge from sewage and wastewater treatment plants (STPs and WWTPs). Most micropollutants resist the conventional systems in place at water treatment plants (WTPs)and survive the production of tap water. In particular, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors (ECDs) are micropollutants frequently detected in drinking water. In this review, we summarized the distribution of micropollutants at WTPs and also scrutinized the effectiveness and mechanisms for their removal at each stage of drinking water production. Micropollutants demonstrated clear concentrations in the final effluents of WTPs. Although chronic exposure to micropollutants in drinking water has unclear adverse effects on humans, peer reviews have argued that continuous accumulation in water environments and inappropriate removal at WTPs has the potential to eventually affect human health. Among the available removal mechanisms for micropollutants at WTPs, coagulation alone is unlikely to eliminate the pollutants, but ionized compounds can be adsorbed to natural particles (e.g. clay and colloidal particles) and metal salts in coagulants. Hydrophobicities of micropollutants are a critical factor in adsorption removal using activated carbon. Disinfection can reduce contaminants through oxidation by disinfectants (e.g. ozone, chlorine and ultraviolet light), but unidentified toxic byproducts may result from such treatments. Overall, the persistence of micropollutants in a treatment system is based on the physico-chemical properties of chemicals and the operating conditions of the processes involved. Therefore, monitoring of WTPs and effective elimination process studies for pharmaceuticals and ECDs are required to control micropollutant contamination of drinking water.
참고문헌 (70)
- Stackelberg PE, "Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds", Sci Total Environ, 377(2-3), pp.255~272 (2007)
- Halling-SØrensen B, "Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment-a review", Chemosphere, 36(2), pp.357~393 (1998)
- Vieno N, "Removal of pharmaceuticals in drinking water treatment: effect of chemical coagulation", Environ Technol, 27(2), pp.183~192 (2006)
- Ratola N, "Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review", J. Hard Mater, (239-240), pp.1~18 (2012)
- Stackelberg PE, "Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-watertreatment plant", Sci Total Environ, 329(1-3), pp.99~113 (2004)
- Kim Y, "Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea", Environ Int, 33(3), pp.370~375 (2007)
- Kumar A, "Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in water: issues and challenges ahead", Int. J Environ Res Publ Health, 7(11), pp.3929~3953 (2010)
- Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, "Statistics of Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association", 5~6 (2010)
- Kumar A, "Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in U.S. surface and finished drinking waters: A proposed ranking system", Sci Total Environ, 408(23), pp.5972~5989 (2010)
- Kim SD, "Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters", Water Res, 41(5), pp.1013~1021 (2007)
- Huerta-Fontela M, "Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and hormones through drinking water treatment", Water Res, 45(3), pp.1432~1442 (2011)
- Westerhoff P, "Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes", Environ Sci Technol, 39(17), pp.6649~6663 (2005)
- Adams C, "Removal of antibiotics from surface and distilled water in conventional water treatment processes", J Environ Eng, 128(3), pp.253~260 (2002)
- "European environment agency. Environmental terminology and discovery service (ETDS)" (2013)[URL]
- "Network of reference laboratories for monitoring of emerging environmental pollutions in Europe. Why do we need to address emerging substances ?" (2013)[URL]
- "United states environmental protection agency. Water: contaminants of emerging concern" (2013)[URL]
- "International environment forum. IEF sustapedia an encyclopedia of sustainability" (2013)[URL]
- Thomas PM, "Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process", Environ Toxicol, 24(1), pp.25~30 (2005)
- Prevedouros K, "Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates", Environ Sci Technol, 40(1), pp.32~44 (2006)
- Birkett JW, "Endocrine disrupters in wastewater and sludge treatment processes", pp.5~7 (2003), CRC Press
- Heberer T, "From municipal sewage to drinking water: fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas", Water Sci Technol, 46(3), pp.81~88 (2002)
- Caliman FA, "Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting agents in the environment a review", CLEAN, 37(4- 5), pp.277~303 (2009)
- Assmuth T, "Research for management of environmental risks from endocrine disruptors, 448", The Finnish Environment: environmental protection, 82~84 (2001)
- "Hazardous substances data bank. Comprehensive, peer-reviewed toxicology data for about 5,000 chemicals" (2013)[URL]
- World Health Organization, "IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 79, spplement 7", 365~370 (1987)
- Nguyen LN, "Comparison between sequential and simultaneous application of activated carbon with membrane bioreactor for trace organic contaminant removal", Bioresour Technol, 130, pp.412~417 (2012)
- Rogers HR, "Sources, behaviour and fate of organic contaminants during sewage treatment and in sewage sludges", Sci Total Environ, 185(1-3), pp.3~26 (1996)
- Richardson ML, "The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment", J Pharm Pharmacol, 37(1), pp.1~12 (1985)
- Zoeteman B, "Persistent organic pollutants in river water and ground water of the Netherlands", Chemosphere, 9, pp.231~249 (1980)
- Gledhill W, "Biodegradation of 3, 4, 4’-trichlorocarbanilide, TCC in sewage and activated sludge", Water Res, 9(7), pp.649~654 (1975)
- Grundwasser KiBO-u, "Occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants in the aquatic system in Berlin. Part I: Drug residues and other polar contaminants in Berlin surface and groundwater", Acta hydrochim hydrobiol, 26(5), pp.272~278 (1998)
- McLachlan J, "Fate and analysis of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment", Ann NY Acad Sci, 948, pp.153~ (2001)
- Gibs, J, "Persistence of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds in chlorinated drinking water as a function of time", Sci Total Environ, 373(1), pp.240~249 (2007)
- Benotti M, "Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water", Environ Sci Technol, 43(3), pp.597~603 (2009)
- Boleda MR, "Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF", RO) treatments, 2011, pp.159(6), 1584~1591
- Gregory J, "Hydrolyzing metal salts as coagulants", Pure Appl Chem, 73(12), pp.2017~2026 (2001)
- Duan J, "Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts", Adv Colloid Interface Sci, (100- 102), pp.475~502 (2003)
- Ye C, "Alkalinity effect of coagulation with polyaluminum chlorides: Role of electrostatic patch", Colloids Surf., A, 294(1-3), pp.163~173 (2007)
- Ternes TA, "Removal of Pharmaceuticals during Drinking Water Treatment", Environ Sci Technol, 36(17), pp.3855~3863 (2002)
- Choi KJ, "Removal of antibiotics by coagulation and granular activated carbon filtration", J Hazard Mater, 151(1), pp.38~43 (2008)
- Alexander JT, "Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: Current state and future potential", J Environ Manage, 111(30), pp.195~207 (2012)
- Huerta-Fontela M, "Stimulatory drugs of abuse in surface waters and their removal in a conventional drinking water treatment plant", Environ Sci Technol, 42(18), pp.6809~6816 (2008)
- Vieno N, "Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Finnish sewage treatment plants, surface waters, and their elimination in drinking water treatment processes", pp.28~34 (2007), Tampere University of Technology
- Carballa M, "Removal of cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticals in sewage primary treatment", Water Res, 39(19), pp.4790~4796 (2005)
- Carballa M, "Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from municipal wastewaters by physico-chemical processes", Elec J Env Agricult Food Chem, 2(2), pp.309~313 (2003)
- Suarez S, "Pre-treatment of hospital wastewater by coagulation flocculation and flotation", Bioresour Technol, 100(7), pp.2138~2146 (2009)
- Roccaro P, "Removal of xenobiotic compounds from wastewater for environment protection: treatment processes and costs", Chem eng trans, 32, pp.505~510 (2013)
- Stumm W, "Aquatic chemistry", J Environ Qual, 25(5), pp.1162~ (1996)
- Snyder SA, "Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals", Desalination, 202(1), pp.156~181 (2007)
- Sang Goo Kim, "Removal efficiencies of endocrine disrupting chemicals by coagulation", flocculation, ozonation, powdered, The Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, pp.2006, 23(3)[DOI]
- Summers RS, "Activated carbon adsorption of humic substances: I. Heterodisperse mixtures and desorption", J. Colloid Interf. Sci, 122(2), pp.367~381 (1988)
- Avdeef A, "Absorption and drug development: solubility, permeability, and charge state", pp.31~34 (2012), Wiley
- Applicability of the linear sorption isotherm model to represent contaminant transport processes in site-wide performance assessments, "Cantrell KJ", Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1~6, pp.Technical report PNNL-14576 (2003)
- Yu Z, "Adsorption characteristics of selected pharmaceuticals and an endocrine disrupting compound°™Naproxen, carbamazepine and nonylphenol°™on activated carbon", Water res, 42(12), pp.2873~2882 (2008)
- Hari AC, "Effects of pH and cationic and nonionic surfactants on the adsorption of pharmaceuticals to a natural aquifer material", Environ Sci Technol, 39(8), pp.2592~2598 (2005)
- Rossner A, "Removal of emerging contaminants of concern by alternative adsorbents", Water res, 43(15), pp.3787~3796 (2009)
- Richardson SD, "Disinfection by-products and other emerging contaminants in drinking water", Trends Anal Chem, 22(10), pp.666~684 (2003)
- Yiasoumi W, "Water disinfecting techniques for plant pathogen control", Combined proceedings-IPPS, 55, pp.138~ (2005)
- Jolley RL, "Water chlorination: environmental impact and health effects. Volume 2", pp.78~220 (1978), Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc
- Heasley VL, "Investigations of the structure and reactions of the intermediate in the chlorination of resorcinol", Environ Toxicol Chem, 12(9), pp.1653~1659 (1993)
- Gallard H, "Chlorination of phenols: Kinetics and formation of chloroform", Environ Sci Technol, 36(5), pp.884~890 (2002)
- Pinkston KE, "Transformation of aromatic ether-and amine-containing pharmaceuticals during chlorine disinfection", Environ Sci Technol, 38(14), pp.4019~4025 (2004)
- Sim WJ, "Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and rivers in Korea", Environ Pollut, 158(5), pp.1938~1947 (2010)
- Bedner M, "Transformation of acetaminophen by chlorination produces the toxicants 1, 4-benzoquinone and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine", Environ Sci Technol, 40(2), pp.516~522 (2006)
- Quintana JB, "Investigating the chlorination of acidic pharmaceuticals and by-product formation aided by an experimental design methodology", Water Res, 44(1), pp.243~255 (2010)
- Dodd MC, "Transformation of the antibacterial agent sulfamethoxazole in reactions with chlorine: kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways", Environ Sci Technol, 38(21), pp.5607~5615 (2004)
- Melton TC, "The fate of sulfamethazine in sodium-hypochlorite-treated drinking water: monitoring by LC-MSn-IT-TOF", J Med Chem, 2012, pp.1~6 (2012)
- Yamamoto T, "Chlorination of bisphenol A in aqueous media: formation of chlorinated bisphenol A congeners and degradation to chlorinated phenolic compounds", Chemosphere, 46(8), pp.1215~1223 (2002)
- Hu JY, "Products of aqueous chlorination of 4-nonylphenol and their estrogenic activity", Environ Toxicol Chem, 21(10), pp.2034~2039 (2002)
- Sojic D, "Degradation of thiamethoxam and metoprolol by UV, O3 and UV", O3 hybrid processes: Kinetics, degradation intermediates and toxicity, 2012, pp.(472-473), 314~327
