본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

Monte-Carlo 모의실험을 통한 부분 인구집단별 이산화질소와 오존의 노출 및 위해성 평가

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone for Sub-population Groups using Monte-Carlo Simulations

최영태|조만수|양원호|류현수|양소영|박윤경|허정|김은채|박진현
한국환경보건학회 (Korean Society of Environmental Health)|2019.04|한국환경보건학회지 (JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES)|제45권 제2호|pp. 113-125|DOI 10.5668/JEHS.2019.45.2.113

2

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

meta-analysisRisk assessmentAir pollutantexposure assessmentMonte-Carlo analysis

초록

Objectives: Although the risk assessments for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) have been extensively studied, most of the existing risk assessments were limited mainly to indoor environments such as workplaces, schools, and multi-use facilities. Therefore, integrated risk assessment is needed to consider exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoors. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk among sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk of Koreans. Methods: In this study, we estimated time-weighted average exposure concentrations of NO2and O3for preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors using residential time and indoor concentrations (house, school or workplace, other), outdoors, and transport by meta-analysis method. The risk for NO2and O3were assessed by hazard quotient using reference concentrations 30 and 60 ppb, respectively. The risk assessments were conducted through 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in a house, school, or workplace, respectively. The risk assessment for the lifetime of a housewife and a worker showed that 33.8 and 28.4% of hazard quotients of NO2exceed 1, respectively, and more than 99%of hazard quotient of O3were less than 1. Conclusions: The risk of NO2and O3by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewives and workerswere assessed. The risk for NO2was higher than for O3and showed a different risk by sub-population group. Both NO2and O3showed a higher risk for housewives than for workers. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment for NO2and O3.

Abstract

Objectives: Although the risk assessments for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) have been extensively studied, most of the existing risk assessments were limited mainly to indoor environments such as workplaces, schools, and multi-use facilities. Therefore, integrated risk assessment is needed to consider exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoors. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk among sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk of Koreans. Methods: In this study, we estimated time-weighted average exposure concentrations of NO2and O3for preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors using residential time and indoor concentrations (house, school or workplace, other), outdoors, and transport by meta-analysis method. The risk for NO2and O3were assessed by hazard quotient using reference concentrations 30 and 60 ppb, respectively. The risk assessments were conducted through 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in a house, school, or workplace, respectively. The risk assessment for the lifetime of a housewife and a worker showed that 33.8 and 28.4% of hazard quotients of NO2exceed 1, respectively, and more than 99%of hazard quotient of O3were less than 1. Conclusions: The risk of NO2and O3by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewives and workerswere assessed. The risk for NO2was higher than for O3and showed a different risk by sub-population group. Both NO2and O3showed a higher risk for housewives than for workers. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment for NO2and O3.

참고문헌 (70)

  1. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards"[URL]
  2. Yang W, "Use of Nitrogen Dioxide as Exposure Marker of Passive Smoking for Non-smoking Service-workers at Restaurants", Korean Journal f Sanitation, 15(3), pp.1~7 (2000)
  3. 정순원, "공동주택내 이산화질소(NO2)및 휘발성유기화합물(VOCs) 노출에 따른 건강 위해성평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 33(4), pp.242~249 (2007), 한국환경보건학회
  4. Belanger K, "Household levels of nitrogen dioxide and pediatric asthma severity", Epidemiology, 24(2), pp.320~ (2013)
  5. O’Connor G, "Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in US inner cities", Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(5), pp.1133~1139 (2008)
  6. Belanger K, "Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 173(3), pp.297~303 (2006)
  7. Moseler M, "Effect of moderate NO2 air pollution on the lung function of children with asthmatic symptoms", Environmental Research, 67(2), pp.109~124 (1994)
  8. Ji X, "Nitrogen dioxide air pollution and preterm birth in Shanghai, China", Environmental Research, 169, pp.79~85 (2019)
  9. Environmental Health Criteria 188, Nitrogen Oxides, "World Health Organization", World Health Organization, ~ (1997)
  10. American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices with 7th Edition Documentation", American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienists, ~ (2015)
  11. Choi J, "A Study on the Regulation and Means of Compliance for Ozone Concentration in the Cabin", Journal of Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics, 11(2), pp.79~92 (2003)
  12. JaeheeKim, "Cluster Analysis with Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors in Seoul", 한국데이터정보과학회지, 14(4), pp.773~787 (2003), 한국데이터정보과학회
  13. Evaluation on the Level of Indoor Air Pollutants at Public Facilities and Development of Surveillance System on Indoor Air Pollutant, "Hwangbo Y", Ministry of Health and Welfate, ~ (2008)
  14. Charles J, "Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry", Indoor Air, 10, pp.269~288 (2000)
  15. 양원호, "한국인의 평일 및 주말의 국소환경 시간활동 양상", 한국실내환경학회지, 6(4), pp.267~274 (2009), 한국실내환경학회
  16. Lim Y, "Health risk assessment of indoor pollutants", Journal of Korean Environmental Engineers, 29(5), pp.502~511 (2007)
  17. "Integrated Risk Assessment"[URL]
  18. 최지희, "다중이용시설 등의 실내공기질 관리법에 따른 실태 분석 및 평가", 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지, 16(2), pp.175~181 (2017), 한국냄새환경학회[DOI]
  19. Im S, "Exposure Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, and NO2 in the Residential indoor and Outdoor to Compare Industrial Complex Area with Country Area", pp.2009
  20. 전용택, "일부 공단지역 내 이산화질소에 의한 개인노출 농도에 관한 연구", 한국환경보건학회지, 35(1), pp.11~20 (2009), 한국환경보건학회
  21. 정순원, "실내공기질 모델 적용을 위한 NO2의 발생강도 및 감소상수 평가기법 개발에 관한 연구", 한국실내환경학회지, 7(4), pp.245~262 (2010), 한국실내환경학회
  22. Kim H, "A Survey on the Indoor Air Quality of Some Schools in Goyang City", Journal of Korea Society of Environmental Administration, 15(2), pp.85~90 (2009)
  23. 김윤신, "주거환경 실내공기 중 NO2와 HONO 농도 분포 특성", 한국실내환경학회지, 10(2), pp.83~98 (2013), 한국실내환경학회[DOI]
  24. 김윤덕, "여름철 대도심 학교교실의 실내공기환경 측정연구", 한국태양에너지학회 논문집, 27(1), pp.63~74 (2007), 한국태양에너지학회
  25. Kwon E, "Seasonal Assessment and Estimation of Personal Exposure by Using of Time Activity Pattern", pp.2010
  26. 이치현, "울산지역 초등학생 가정의 실내공기질: 알레르기 비염 환아군과 대조군 비교", 한국대기환경학회지, 28(4), pp.365~373 (2012), 한국대기환경학회[DOI]
  27. 이치현, "울산광역시 초등학교 실내공기오염물질의 환경적 특성에 따른 농도 분석", 한국대기환경학회지, 27(1), pp.97~116 (2011), 한국대기환경학회
  28. 이현수, "시간활동양상과 국소환경 농도를 이용한 전업주부의 유해오염물질 노출 예측", 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지, 13(3), pp.159~167 (2014), 한국냄새환경학회
  29. 이현수, "주택 실내공기 오염물질에 대한 실외공기 및 실내발생의 기여율", 한국실내환경학회지, 6(4), pp.259~266 (2009), 한국실내환경학회
  30. 이경빈, "지하철 전동차 객실 내부 공기질 조사 연구", 한국대기환경학회지, 30(2), pp.175~187 (2014), 한국대기환경학회[DOI]
  31. 신혜진, "소규모 다중이용시설의 실내공기질 실태조사 및 건강위해성평가: 민감군 이용시설을 중심으로", 한국환경보건학회지, 44(4), pp.397~407 (2018), 한국환경보건학회
  32. Shuai J, "Contribution of indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide to indoor air quality of wayside shops", Journal of UOEH, 35(2), pp.137~145 (2013)
  33. 우병렬, "실내․외 환경에서 이산화질소 측정 기간의 대표성", 한국실내환경학회지, 8(4), pp.287~295 (2011), 한국실내환경학회
  34. 우병렬, "실내공기질에 따른 재실자의 인식성 공기질 평가", 한국환경과학회지, 20(1), pp.61~69 (2011), 한국환경과학회
  35. 양원호, "계절에 따른 사무실 근로자의 이산화질소 노출에 대한 직장 및 주택실내 기여도", 한국산업보건학회지, 22(2), pp.128~133 (2012), 한국산업보건학회[DOI]
  36. 권은경, "공동주택 실내 이산화질소 농도의 실외공기 및 실내발생원 기여율 추정", 한국실내환경학회지, 6(1), pp.48~55 (2009), 한국실내환경학회
  37. Im J, "Characteristics of Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality in the elementary School, Ulsan", pp.2011
  38. Jung D, "Health risk assessment of exposure to indoor air pollutants of office workers in buildings", pp.2017
  39. 정종현, "울산지역 학교의 실내공기질 평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 36(6), pp.472~479 (2010), 한국환경보건학회
  40. 남궁형규, "지상과 지하역사의 실내공기질 특성과 외기영향 평가", 한국산학기술학회논문지, 17(5), pp.17~25 (2016), 한국산학기술학회[DOI]
  41. Park S, "Characteristics of Indoor Air Quality in the Public Facilities", pp.2011
  42. 안상영, "경북도내 일부학교 교실의 실내공기질 평가", 한국실내환경학회지, 3(4), pp.367~375 (2006), 한국실내환경학회
  43. Choi I, "A Study of Indoor Air Quality in Various Types of Public Facilities in Seoul", pp.2011
  44. 조수연, "광양 일부지역의 오존 농도분포", 한국실내환경학회지, 8(3), pp.199~210 (2011), 한국실내환경학회
  45. Kang G, "A Study on Characterization in Indoor Air Quality", pp.2006
  46. 김동환, "경기도 일부 초등학교 실내공기질의 특성에 대한 연구 : 수원, 화성, 안산 중심으로", 석사, 보건학과, pp.2013
  47. Kim G, "A study on measurement of classroom air quality of elementary, middle and high schools", pp.2010
  48. A study on Indoor Air pollution Characterization and Management, "Kim S", Ministry of Environment, ~ (2002)
  49. 김윤신, "일부 유치원 교실 내 실내공기오염물질의 기준초과비 조사에 관한 연구", 한국실내환경학회지, 4(1), pp.14~22 (2007), 한국실내환경학회
  50. Korean Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, "Indoor air quality and health effects in public facilities", Center for Disease Prevention, Choronic Disease Prevention, ~ (2008)
  51. 이지은, "외기 오존 농도에 따른 반도체 작업환경 및 사무실에서의 오존 농도 변화 연구", 한국산업보건학회지, 26(2), pp.188~197 (2016), 한국산업보건학회[DOI]
  52. 노영만, "일부 초등학교 교실의 실내공기오염물질 분포 조사에 관한 연구", 한국실내환경학회지, 4(4), pp.204~213 (2007), 한국실내환경학회
  53. 노영만, "？건강위해성평가에 의한 사무실 실내공기오염물질의 관리항목확대", 한국산업보건학회지, 16(1), pp.54~67 (2006), 한국산업보건학회
  54. Ryu I, "A Study Characteristic on Indoor Air Quality and Health Risk Assessment in Multi-use Facilities", pp.2010
  55. 류현수, "한국 학생들의 시간활동 양상 평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 44(2), pp.143~152 (2018), 한국환경보건학회
  56. National Institute of Environmental Research, "Korean exposure factors handbook for children Child-specific exposure factors handbook", Environmental Health Research Department, Risk Assessment Division, ~ (2016)
  57. 이현수, "직장인의 시간활동 양상 평가", 한국산업보건학회지, 20(2), pp.102~110 (2010), 한국산업보건학회
  58. Study on the Improvement of Exposure Factors of Korean Adults on Risk Assessment (II), "National Institute of Environmental Reseach", ~ (2017)
  59. Moschandreas DJ, "Chapter three : methodology of exposure modeling", Chemosphere, 49(9), pp.923~946 (2002)
  60. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual", Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1~89 (1989)
  61. Ministry of Environment, "Atmosphere Environmental Standard", ~ (2019)
  62. Study on the Improvement of Exposure Factors of Korean Adults on Risk Assessment (III), "National Institute of Environmental Reseach", ~ (2018)
  63. Chao C, "Comparison between indoor and outdoor air contaminant levels in residential buildings from passive sampler study", Building and Environment, 36, pp.999~1007 (2001)
  64. Blondeau P, "Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools", Indoor Air, 15(1), pp.2~12 (2015)
  65. Wang H, "Ozone-surface reactions in five homes : surface reaction probabilities, aldehyde yields, and trends", Indoor Air, 20(3), pp.224~234 (2010)
  66. Zhong L, "Indoor Ozone and climate change", Sustainable Cities and Society, 28, pp.466~472 (2017)
  67. Destaillats H, "Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: a review of reported data and information needs", Atmos. Environ, 42, pp.1371~1388 (2008)
  68. Lee C, "Measurements of fine and ultrafine particles formation in photocopy centers in Taiwan", Atmos. Environ, 41, pp.6598~6609 (2007)
  69. Singh P, "An assessment of ozone levels, UV radiation and their occupational health hazard estimation during photocopying operation", J. Hazard. Mater, 275, pp.55~62 (2014)
  70. Ministry of Health and Welfare, "Welfare of the Aged Act", ~ (2019)

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

일부 생활용품에서 발생한 공기 중 라돈과 토론의 발생 특성 및 연간 유효선량 추정이성진, 박동욱, 박동욱, 이승희, 박지훈, 곽현석, 김소연pp. 99-112미세먼지(PM10)와 초미세먼지(PM2.1)의 농도와 폐포 침착율 조사김성천pp. 126-133식품의약품안전처에서 허가된 보건용 마스크의 특성 분석최원준, 함승헌, 강성규, 이완형pp. 134-141주거환경 및 개인 생활습관에 따른 화학물질 노출수준 차이 - 국민환경보건기초조사권영민, 황문영, 박충희, 조혜정, 홍수연pp. 142-153화장품 유형별 유해 중금속 함량 비교 연구김혜정, 김경태, 윤종호, 이재호, 박상규, 김지연, 이진희pp. 154-163
원문 보기