본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Effects of Cognitive Defusion Compared to Thought Distraction on Korean College Students with Social Anxiety

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

This study compared the effects of cognitive defusion and thought distraction on fear of negative evaluation, dysfunctional attitude, and negative emotions (specifically, anxiety and depression). Eighty-one Korean college students with social anxiety participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Cognitive Defusion (CD), Thought Distraction (TD), or Control. Using pre-test scores as the covariate, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) compared post-test scores of the three conditions. After the intervention of each condition, the participants assigned to the CD condition showed significantly lower levels of fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional attitude than the TD condition. The CD and TD interventions did not show significant differences in anxiety and depression levels; however, both interventions turned out to be significantly effective compared to the Control condition. These findings suggest that cognitive defusion may be a more effective strategy than thought distraction for relieving the cognitive aspects of social anxiety.

Abstract

This study compared the effects of cognitive defusion and thought distraction on fear of negative evaluation, dysfunctional attitude, and negative emotions (specifically, anxiety and depression). Eighty-one Korean college students with social anxiety participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Cognitive Defusion (CD), Thought Distraction (TD), or Control. Using pre-test scores as the covariate, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) compared post-test scores of the three conditions. After the intervention of each condition, the participants assigned to the CD condition showed significantly lower levels of fear of negative evaluation and dysfunctional attitude than the TD condition. The CD and TD interventions did not show significant differences in anxiety and depression levels; however, both interventions turned out to be significantly effective compared to the Control condition. These findings suggest that cognitive defusion may be a more effective strategy than thought distraction for relieving the cognitive aspects of social anxiety.

참고문헌 (71)

  1. American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (2013), American Psychiatric Publishing
  2. Terri L. Barrera, "Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), pp.1086~1090 (2009), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  3. Beck, A. T., "Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders" (1976), International Universities Press
  4. A. T. BECK, "An Inventory for Measuring Depression", Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), pp.561~ (1961), American Medical Association (AMA)[DOI]
  5. Blackledge, J. T., "Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, pp.243~255 (2001)
  6. Ellen J. Bluett, "Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: An empirical review", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), pp.612~624 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  7. Marilynn B. Brewer, "Where (Who) Are Collectives in Collectivism? Toward Conceptual Clarification of Individualism and Collectivism.", Psychological Review, 114(1), pp.133~151 (2007), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  8. Block, J. A., "Acceptance or change : Treating socially anxious college students with ACT or CBGT", The Behavior Analyst Today, 1, pp.3~10 (2000)
  9. Julia D. Buckner, "Social anxiety and suicidal ideation: Test of the utility of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, pp.60~63 (2017), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  10. Cane, D. B., "Factor structure of the dysfunctional attitude scale in a student population", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, pp.307~309 (1986)
  11. R. Nicholas Carleton, "Addressing revisions to the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale: Measuring fear of negative evaluation across anxiety and mood disorders", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(6), pp.822~828 (2011), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  12. Clark, D. M., "Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment", pp.69~93 (1995), Guilford Press
  13. Cordova, J. V., "Acceptance and Change", pp.125~142 (1994), Context Press
  14. Jesse R. Cougle, "Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication", Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(9), pp.825~829 (2009), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  15. Kristy L. Dalrymple, "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder", Behavior Modification, 31(5), pp.543~568 (2016), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  16. de Graaf, L. E., "Measuring dysfunctional attitudes in the general population : The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale(Form A)revised", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, pp.345~355 (2009)
  17. Georg H Eifert, "The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(3-4), pp.293~312 (2003), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  18. Erford, B. T., "Research and evaluation in counseling" (2015), Cengage
  19. Franz Faul, "Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses", Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), pp.1149~1160 (2009), Springer Nature[DOI]
  20. Fleming, J. E., "The mindfulness and acceptance workbook for social anxiety and shyness: Using acceptance and commitment therapy to free yourself from fear and reclaim your life" (2013), New Harbinger Publications
  21. Philippe R. Goldin, "Changes in Positive Self-Views Mediate the Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder", Clinical Psychological Science, 1(3), pp.301~310 (2013), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  22. Zahira González-Díez, "Test of an hypothesized structural model of the relationships between cognitive style and social anxiety: A 12-month prospective study", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, pp.59~65 (2015), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  23. Anthony G. Greenwald, "Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), pp.1464~1480 (1998), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  24. Jennifer A. Gregg, "Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: A randomized controlled trial.", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(2), pp.336~343 (2007), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  25. Olga Gutiérrez, "Comparison between an acceptance-based and a cognitive-control-based protocol for coping with pain", Behavior Therapy, 35(4), pp.767~783 (2004), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  26. Hair, J. F. Jr., "Multivariate data analysis" (2010), Pearson
  27. Hayes, S. C., "Acceptance and commitment therapy" (2012), Guilford Press
  28. Hayes, S. C., "Get out of your mind and into your life : The new acceptance and commitment therapy" (2005), New Harbinger Publications
  29. Hayes, S. C., "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy : An Experimental Approach to Behavior Change" (1999), Guilford Press
  30. Steven C. Hayes, "Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment.", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), pp.1152~1168 (1996), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  31. Healy, H. A., "An experimental test of a cognitive defusion exercise : Coping with negative and positive self-statements", The Psychological Record, 58, pp.623~640 (2008)
  32. Nina Heinrichs, "Cultural differences in perceived social norms and social anxiety", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(8), pp.1187~1197 (2006), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  33. Janie J. Hong, "Cultural mediators of self-reported social anxiety", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(8), pp.1779~1789 (2007), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  34. Katzelnick, D. J., "Social anxiety disorder : An unrecognized problem in primary care", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, pp.11~16 (2001)
  35. Ronald C. Kessler, "Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication", Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), pp.617~ (2005), American Medical Association (AMA)[DOI]
  36. Naoko Kishita, "Measuring the effect of cognitive defusion using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: An experimental analysis with a highly socially anxious sample", Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(1), pp.8~15 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  37. Nancy L. Kocovski, "Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy and traditional cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: Mechanisms of change", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 70, pp.11~22 (2015), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  38. Kocovski, N. L., "Mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy for social anxiety disorder : An open trial", Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, pp.276~289 (2009)
  39. Kwon, S. M., "Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of the Korean version of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale", Psychological Science, 3, pp.100~109 (1994)
  40. Mark R. Leary, "A Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), pp.371~375 (2016), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  41. Lee, J., "A Study of the Reliability and the Validity of the Korean versions of Social Phobia Scales(K-SAD, K-FNE)", The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, pp.251~264 (1997)
  42. Lee, Y., "Effects of the experience with noncontingent success and failure on performance and depressive affect in learned helplessness", master’s, pp.1980
  43. Lubin, B., "A comparison of the short and long forms of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised(MAACL-R)", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, pp.411~416 (2001)
  44. Hazel R. Markus, "Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.", Psychological Review, 98(2), pp.224~253 (1991), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  45. Markway, B. G., "Dying of embarrassment : Help for social anxiety &phobia" (1992), New Harbinger Publications
  46. Akihiko Masuda, "A Parametric Study of Cognitive Defusion and the Believability and Discomfort of Negative Self-Relevant Thoughts", Behavior Modification, 33(2), pp.250~262 (2008), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  47. Akihiko Masuda, "The effects of cognitive defusion and thought distraction on emotional discomfort and believability of negative self-referential thoughts", Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), pp.11~17 (2010), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  48. Kevin D. McCaul, "Distraction and coping with pain.", Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), pp.516~533 (1984), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  49. Cathy McFarland, "The impact of negative affect on autobiographical memory: The role of self-focused attention to moods.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), pp.1424~1440 (1998), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  50. Niles, A. N., "Cognitive mediators of treatment for social anxiety disorder : Comparing acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy", Behavior Therapy, 45, pp.664~677 (2014)
  51. Ossman, W. A., "A preliminary investigation of the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in group treatment for social phobia", International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 6, pp.397~416 (2006)
  52. Jeeseon Park-Saltzman, "Culturally Sensitive Mentoring for Asian International Students in Counseling Psychology", The Counseling Psychologist, 40(6), pp.895~915 (2012), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  53. Christine Purdon, "Social anxiety in college students", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(3), pp.203~215 (2001), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  54. Ronald M. Rapee, "A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia", Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), pp.741~756 (1997), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  55. A. M. Ruscio, "Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication", Psychological Medicine, 38(01) (2008), Cambridge University Press (CUP)[DOI]
  56. Schwartz, G. E., "Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in selfregulation of anxiety : Effects of meditation versus exercise", Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, pp.321~328 (1978)
  57. Shin, S., "Effects of self-focus style of new college graduate employees on their emotion regulation and turnover intent: Comparing experiential self-focus and analytic self-focus", doctoral, pp.2013
  58. Murray B. Stein, "Disability and Quality of Life in Social Phobia: Epidemiologic Findings", American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), pp.1606~1613 (2000), American Psychiatric Association Publishing[DOI]
  59. William R. Sterner, "What Is Missing in Counseling Research? Reporting Missing Data", Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(1), pp.56~62 (2011), Wiley[DOI]
  60. Esther Y Strahan, "The effects of social anxiety and social skills on academic performance", Personality and Individual Differences, 34(2), pp.347~366 (2003), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  61. Eunkook Suh, "The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), pp.482~493 (1998), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  62. Charles T. Taylor, "The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, pp.21~30 (2017), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  63. Teo, A. R., "The role of social isolation in social anxiety disorder : A systematic review and meta-analysis", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, pp.353~364 (2013)
  64. Robert E. Thayer, "Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), pp.910~925 (1994), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  65. John T. Walkup, "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sertraline, or a Combination in Childhood Anxiety", New England Journal of Medicine, 359(26), pp.2753~2766 (2008), Massachusetts Medical Society[DOI]
  66. David Watson, "Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), pp.448~457 (1969), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  67. Weissman, A. N., "Development and validation of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: A preliminary investigation", Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Association of Advancement of Behavioral Therapy (1978)
  68. Sheila R. Woody, "Cultural differences in social anxiety: A meta-analysis of Asian and European heritage samples.", Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(1), pp.47~55 (2015), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  69. Vaughan, S. M., "Psychological effects of a life review intervention for persons with HIV disease", Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, pp.115~123 (1996)
  70. Zuckerman, M., "Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check" (1965), Educational and Industrial Testing Service
  71. Zuckerman, M., "Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List" (1985), Educational and Industrial Testing Service

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)