도스토예프스키 장편소설의 ‘황금시대’ 테마
The theme of Golden Age in Dostoevsky’s Major Novels
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도스토예프스키는 러시아 젊은이들 앞에 열린 ‘거짓된 길’과 ‘진실한 길’의 두 가지 방향을 지적하였다. 그에 의하면 거짓된 길은 유럽으로 향한 길이었고, 진실한 길은 민중을 향한 길이었다. 그는 이를 통해 러시아 젊은이들이 사회를 비판하며 떨어져 나가 ‘유럽주의’에 함몰되어 감을 경계하며 민중과 함께 머물 것을 충고하였다. 도스토예프스키의 작품세계에서 ‘황금시대’는 ‘진정한 이상향’의 모습이 신비한 체험을 통해 현실적으로 묘사되는 것과는 달리, 환상이외의 방법으로는 결코 실체를 드러내지 않는다. 또한 황금시대는 유럽의 이성만능주의를 토대로 하고 있는 까닭에 몽상에 불과한 것으로 드러난다. 그러나 도스토예프스키는 세계 변혁의 유토피아를 결코 부인하진 않았다. 그는 지상낙원이 실현 불가능한 꿈이라는 것을 알고 있었지만, 황금시대와 범세계적 조화의 꿈이라는 신성한 관념을 위해 자신을 바칠 준비가 되어있었던 것이다.
Abstract
Man’s dream about an ideal land has continued from prehistoric times to the present. Dostoevsky gives it a definition of man’s silly tenacity. His thoughts on the ideal land are divided by the idea of golden age, which the protagonist of The Raw Youth dreams, and the earthly paradise with God, which Makar Ivanovich experiences during his pilgrimage to Bogorodsky monastery. Dostoevsky saw that the two paths were open for the Russian people: one false, the other true. The false path leads to Europeanism, tearing them away from society and forsaking native soil, to the abstract kingdom of a universal man. The true path leads to the people. Since it was hard for the contemporary generation, according to him, in order to go to the people and to remain with them, one must above all learn not to despise them. Secondly, one must also believe in God. The picture of the earthly paradise is inspired by Claude Lorrain’s masterpiece <Acis and Galatea>, which becomes for him the symbol of utopia: the islands of the Archipelago, the azure waves, the setting sun, the beautiful and happy people… All his life this dream pursued Dostoevsky: the utopia of the golden age illuminates all his novels by its distant radiance. The earthly paradise is not the social anthill, not a humanitarian utopia, but the Second Advent of Christ. In the world of Dostoevsky’s major novels the scene of the golden age never comes true for the dreamer in reality, while the positively beautiful man - Prince Myshkin, Makar Ivanovich, Elder Zosima and Alyosha - experiences the true earthly paradise. The three dreams of golden age share common traits – Stavrogin’s in The Devil, Versilov’s in The Raw Youth, and the ridiculous man’s in The Dream of a Ridiculous Man – are united by the vision of Claude Lorrain’s picture. This is a triptych, forming one whole: the most fantastic utopia, the most incredible dream, is completed by the image of Christ and the hymn of the last resurrection.
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