The Interpretation of Spatial ‘At’: An Experimental Study
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper presents an experimental study on the interpretation of the spatial preposition at in adult speakers, based on a variant of the Truth Value Judgment Task. It is shown that speakers can interpret at as denoting a spatial relation that stands in the “lexical entailment” relation with other spatial prepositions (e.g. inside, in front of, on top of, behind). For instance, if multiple located entities are involved in this relation, then they may occupy locations that can be “internal”, “external”, or placed on different verses of the same direction, e.g. in front or behind a certain landmark object. It is discussed which semantic hypothesis correctly predicts these findings, and what the implications could be, for a theory of spatial prepositions and their Semantics.
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on the interpretation of the spatial preposition at in adult speakers, based on a variant of the Truth Value Judgment Task. It is shown that speakers can interpret at as denoting a spatial relation that stands in the “lexical entailment” relation with other spatial prepositions (e.g. inside, in front of, on top of, behind). For instance, if multiple located entities are involved in this relation, then they may occupy locations that can be “internal”, “external”, or placed on different verses of the same direction, e.g. in front or behind a certain landmark object. It is discussed which semantic hypothesis correctly predicts these findings, and what the implications could be, for a theory of spatial prepositions and their Semantics.
참고문헌 (60)
- Asbury, A., "The Morphosyntax of Case and Adpositions", 박사, pp.2008
- Bierwisch, M., "On the Grammar of Local Prepositions, In Syntax, Semantik und Lexikon, Studia Grammatica XXIX", pp.1~65 (1988), Akademie Verlag
- Brisson, C., "Distributivity, Nonmaximality, and Floating Quantifiers", 박사, pp.1998
- Brisson, C., "Plurals, All, and the Nonuniformity of Collective Predication", Linguistics & Philosophy, 26(1), pp.129~184 (2003)
- Cinque, G., "Mapping Spatial PPs, In The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, vol.6" (2010), Oxford University Press
- Coventry, K. R., "Spatial prepositions, functional relations and lexical specification, In The Representation and Processing of Spatial Expressions", pp.247~262 (1998), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Coventry, K. R., "Function, geometry and spatial prepositions : Three experiments", Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2(1), pp.145~154 (1999)
- Coventry, K. R., "Spatial prepositions, spatial templates and “semantic” versus “pragmatic” visual representations, In Representing Direction in Language and Space", pp.255~267 (2003), Oxford University Press
- Coventry, K. R., "Spatial prepositions, objectspecific function and task requirements", Journal of Semantics, 11(2), pp.289~309 (1994)
- Coventry, K. R., "Seeing, Saying and Acting. The psychological semantics of spatial prepositions. Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis : Hove and New York" (2004), Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis
- Coventry, K. R., "Geometry, function and the comprehension of over, under, above and below", Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.261~266 (1998), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Coventry, K. R., "Object-specific function, geometry and the comprehension of"in"and"on"", European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13(4), pp.509~528 (2001)
- Coventry, K. R., "The interplay between geometry and function in the comprehension of “over”, “under”, “above” and “below”", Journal of Memory and Language, 44(2), pp.376~398 (2001)
- Coventry, K.R, "Spatial Language and Dialogue" (2009), Oxford University Press
- Crain, S., "Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide to Experiments in the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics" (1998), The MIT Press
- Evans, V., "From the Spatial to the Non-Spatial: the ‘state’ Lexical Concepts of “in”, “on” and “at”, In Language, Cognition and Space: The State of The Art and New Directions", pp.171~193 (2010), Equinox publishing
- Feist, M. I., "On in and on: An investigation into the linguistic encoding of spatial scenes", 박사, pp.2000
- Feist, M. I., "Geometry, function, and the use of in and on", Paper presented at the Sixth Conference on Conceptual Structure, Discourse, and Language (2002)
- Feist, M. I., "Talking about space: A cross-linguistic perspective", Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.200~205 (2004)
- Feist, M. I., "Where it’s at", Paper presented at the 7th Conference of the High Desert Linguistics Society (2006)
- Feist, M. I., "Space between languages", Cognitive Science, 32(7), pp.1177~1199 (2008)
- Feist, M. I., "Spatial cognition through the lens of spatial language", Cognitive Processing, 10(Suppl. 2), pp.S212~S214 (2009)
- Feist, M. I., "Inside in and on: Typological and psycholinguistic perspectives, In Language, Cognition, and Space" (2010), Equinox
- Feist, M. I., "An influence of spatial language on recognition memory for spatial scenes", In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (2002)
- Feist, M. I., "involved in the use of in and on", Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.390~395 (2003), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
- Feist, M. I., "Multiple influences on the use of English spatial prepositions: The case of ”in” and ”on.”, In Cross-disciplinary advances in applied natural language processing: Issues and approaches" (2012), IGI Global
- Herskovits, A., "Language and Spatial Cognition: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Prepositions in English" (1986), Cambridge University Press
- Jackendoff, R., "Semantics and Cognition" (1983), The MIT Press
- Jackendoff, R., "Semantic Structures" (1990), The MIT Press
- Kamp, H., "From Discourse to Logic" (1993), Kluwer
- Kamp, H., J., "Discourse Representation Theory, In Handbook of Philosophical Logic", pp.125~394 (2005), North Holland
- Keenan, E. L., "Boolean Semantics for Natural Language" (1985), Reidel
- Kracht, M., "On the semantics of locatives", Linguistics & Philosophy, 25(1), pp.57~132 (2002)
- Kracht, M., "Against the Feature Bundle Theory of Case, In New Perspectives on Case Theory", pp.165~190 (2004), CSLI publications
- Kracht, M., "The Fine Structure of Spatial Expressions, In The Structure of Local", pp.35~62 (2008), John Benjamins
- Landman, F., "Structures for Semantics" (1991), Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Levinson, S. C., "Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature" (2000), the MIT press
- Levinson, S. C., "“Natural concepts” in the spatial topological domain - adpositional meanings in cross-linguistic perspective", An exercise in semantic typology. Language, 79(3), pp.485~516 (2003)
- Wilkins, D., "Grammars of space: Explorations in cognitive diversity" (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Lee C., "Change of Location and change of state, In Advances in Generative Lexicon Theory", pp.290~310 (2012), Springer
- Link, G., "Algebraic semantics in Language and Philosophy" (1998), CSLI publications
- Maillat, D., "Directional PPs and Reference Frames in DRT" (2001), Université de Toulouse – Le Mirail
- Meroni, L, "Everybody knows, In Semantics in acquisition", pp.89~114 (2006), Springer
- Murphy, L., "Lexical Meaning" (2010), Cambridge University Press
- Nam, S., "The Semantics of Locative Prepositional Phrases in English", 박사, pp.1995
- Rizzi, L., "Il sintagma preposizionale, In Grande Grammatica Italiana di Consultazione, vol.3", pp.497~530 (1988), Il Mulino Editore
- Talmy, L., "Figure and ground in complex sentences, In Universals of Human Language, vol. 4: Syntax", pp.625~649 (1978), Stanford University Press
- Talmy, L., "Towards a cognitive Linguistics" (2000), the MIT press
- Ursini, F., "On the Syntax and Semantics of Spanish Spatial Prepositions", An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics
- Vandeloise, C., "Methodology and analyses of the preposition “in”", Cognitive Linguistics, 5(2), pp.157~184 (1994)
- Vandeloise, C., "Force and Function in the acquisition of the preposition in, In Functional features in Language and Space: Insights from perception, categorization and development" (2005), Oxford University Press
- Vandeloise, C., "Genesis of Spatial Terms, In Language, Cognition and Space: The State of The Art and New Directions", pp.171~193 (2010), Equinox publishing
- Winter, Y., "Closure and telicity across categories", Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT16) (2006), Cornell University Press
- Wunderlich, D., "How do prepositional phrases fit into compositional syntax and semantics?", Linguistics, 29(5), pp.591~621 (1991)
- Wunderlich, D., "On German"um" : Semantic and Conceptual Aspects", Linguistics, 31(1), pp.111~133 (1993)
- Zee, E. van der, "Why we can talk about bulging barrels and spinning spirals: Curvature Representation in The Lexical Interface, In Cognitive Interfaces: constraints on linking Cognitive Information", pp.166~215 (2000), Oxford University Press
- Zwarts, J., "Vectors as relative positions: A compositional semantics of modified PPs", Journal of semantics, 14(1), pp.57~86 (1997)
- Zwarts, J., "Prepositional Aspect and the Algebra of paths", Linguistic & Philosophy, 28(6), pp.699~740 (2005)
- Zwarts, J., "Forceful Prepositions, In Language, Cognition and Space: The State of the Art and New Directions", pp.193~214 (2010), Equinox Publishing
- Zwarts, J., "Vector space semantics: a Model-Theoretic analysis of Locative Prepositions", Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 9(2), pp.169~211 (2000)
