Category Membership as a Criterion to Evaluate the Soundness of Analogical Inferences
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The standard approach to analogical reasoning posits that the mechanism that people employ to ensure the soundness of analogical inferences consists in copying unmapped individual explicit base relations, substituting corresponding source entities with target entities, and generating slots for base entities that were unmapped. Alternatively, we contend that when the gist of the information to be transferred is better captured by relational categories than by explicit individual relations, people resort to searching for target exemplars of the base relational categories, disregarding similarity between relations. Experiment 1 revealed that for this kind of analogy, inferences that did not resemble the base analog in terms of explicit individual relations but were built on exemplars of the base relational category were judged as sounder than inferences that matched the base analog in terms of relations but not in terms of a common category. Within the framework of the proposed approach, we postulated that inference evaluation also depends on the similarity between the base and target exemplars on relevant aspects. Experiment 2 revealed that inferences were judged as sounder when the exemplars upon which the inferences were built matched the base exemplars along salient dimensions of the relational category they shared. The cognitive mechanisms unveiled by the current results suggest new avenues along which current theorization and modeling of analogical inference may develop.
Abstract
The standard approach to analogical reasoning posits that the mechanism that people employ to ensure the soundness of analogical inferences consists in copying unmapped individual explicit base relations, substituting corresponding source entities with target entities, and generating slots for base entities that were unmapped. Alternatively, we contend that when the gist of the information to be transferred is better captured by relational categories than by explicit individual relations, people resort to searching for target exemplars of the base relational categories, disregarding similarity between relations. Experiment 1 revealed that for this kind of analogy, inferences that did not resemble the base analog in terms of explicit individual relations but were built on exemplars of the base relational category were judged as sounder than inferences that matched the base analog in terms of relations but not in terms of a common category. Within the framework of the proposed approach, we postulated that inference evaluation also depends on the similarity between the base and target exemplars on relevant aspects. Experiment 2 revealed that inferences were judged as sounder when the exemplars upon which the inferences were built matched the base exemplars along salient dimensions of the relational category they shared. The cognitive mechanisms unveiled by the current results suggest new avenues along which current theorization and modeling of analogical inference may develop.
참고문헌 (38)
- Miriam Bassok, "Birds of a Feather Flock Together: Similarity Judgments with Semantically Rich Stimuli", Journal of Memory and Language, 36(3), pp.311~336 (1997), Elsevier BV
- Isabelle Blanchette, "Representational change and analogy: How analogical inferences alter target representations.", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), pp.672~685 (2002), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- C CLEMENT, "Systematicity as a selection constraint in analogical mapping", Cognitive Science, 15(1), pp.89~132 (1991), Wiley[DOI]
- Brian Falkenhainer, "The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples", Artificial Intelligence, 41(1), pp.1~63 (1989), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Kenneth D. Forbus, "Extending SME to Handle Large‐Scale Cognitive Modeling", Cognitive Science, 41(5), pp.1152~1201 (2016), Wiley[DOI]
- Dedre Gentner, "Structure‐Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy*", Cognitive Science, 7(2), pp.155~170 (1983), Wiley[DOI]
- Gentner, D, "The mechanisms of analogical transfer", pp.199~242 (1989), Cambridge University Press
- Gentner, D., "Learning and using relational categories", pp.151~175 (2005), American Psychological Association
- Dedre Gentner, "Relations, Objects, and the Composition of Analogies", Cognitive Science, 30(4), pp.609~642 (2006), Wiley[DOI]
- Gentner, D., "The Analogical Mind:Perspectives from Cognitive Science" (2001), MIT Press
- D. Gentner, "The Roles of Similarity in Transfer: Separating Retrievability From Inferential Soundness", Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), pp.524~575 (1993), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Gentner, D., "Analogical learning and reasoning", pp.668~681 (2013), Oxford University Press
- Micah B. Goldwater, "The empirical case for role-governed categories", Cognition, 118(3), pp.359~376 (2011), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Micah B. Goldwater, "Relational categories as a bridge between cognitive and educational research.", Psychological Bulletin, 142(7), pp.729~757 (2016), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- Hofstadter D. R., "Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies:Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought" (1995), Basic Books
- Hofstadter, D. R., "The Copycat project: A model of mental fluidity and analogy-making3", pp.31~112 (1994), Ablex Publishing
- Hofstadter, D. R., "Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking" (2013), Basic Books
- Holyoak, K. J., "Analogical thinking and human intelligence", pp.199~230 (1984), Erlbaum
- Holyoak, K. J., "Analogy and relational reasoning", pp.234~259 (2012), Oxford University Press
- Holyoak, K. J., "Component processes in analogical transfer: Mapping, pattern completion, and adaptation", pp.1~27 (1994), Ablex Publishing
- Keith J. Holyoak, "Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction", Cognitive Science, 13(3), pp.295~355 (1989), Wiley[DOI]
- John E. Hummel, "Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping.", Psychological Review, 104(3), pp.427~466 (1997), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- John E. Hummel, "A symbolic-connectionist theory of relational inference and generalization.", Psychological Review, 110(2), pp.220~264 (2003), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- M Keane, "Constraints on analogical mapping: A comparison of three models", Cognitive Science, 18(3), pp.387~438 (1994), Wiley[DOI]
- Kokinov, B. N., "A hybrid model of reasoning by analogy", pp.247~318 (1994), Ablex Publishing
- Daniel C. Krawczyk, "The One-to-One Constraint in Analogical Mapping and Inference", Cognitive Science, 29(5), pp.797~806 (2005), Wiley[DOI]
- Markman, A. B., "Constraints on analogical inference", Cognitive Science, 21(4), pp.373~418 (1997)
- Arthur B. Markman, "Role-governed categories", Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 13(4), pp.329~358 (2001), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
- Minervino, R. A., "Analogical inferences mediated by relational categories", Cognitive Psychology, 142 (2023)[DOI]
- Minervino, R. A., "Similarity between propositional elements does not always determine judgments of analogical relatedness", Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.91~96 (2008), Cognitive Science Society
- Ricardo A. Minervino, "Overall Similarity Overrides Element Similarity when Evaluating the Quality of Analogies", Journal of Cognitive Science, 14(3), pp.287~317 (2013), 인지과학연구소[DOI]
- Nicolás Oberholzer, "Analogies Without Commonalities? Evidence of Re-representation via Relational Category Activation", Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (2018), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
- [URL]
- Perrot, D. A., "Resistance is futile:The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(4), pp.696~702 (2005)
- Popov, V., "The internal structure of semantic relations: Effects of relational similarity and typicality" (2020), Advance online publication
- Daniel C. Silliman, "Evidence of analogical re-representation from a change detection task", Cognition, 190, pp.128~136 (2019), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Tavernini, L. M., "Similarities between objects in analogies framed by schema-governed categories", Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.3296~3301 (2017), Cognitive Science Society
- Trench, M., "Cracking the problem of inert knowledge: Portable strategies to access distant analogs from memory", pp.1~41 (2017), Academic Press