Anaphoric Definites without a Determiner: Korean vs. Chinese
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper contributes to the recent works on the nature of anaphoric definites by comparing Korean and Mandarin Chinese (MC). We first note that in Korean, bare NPs as well as demonstrative-preceded nominals can serve as an anaphoric definite. This sharply contrasts with MC, where demonstrative-preceded nominals can do so, but bare NPs can do so only in the subject/topic position and not in other positions. Building on the claim that unlike unique definites (or weak Ds), anaphoric definites (or strong Ds) are composed of a strong determiner whose anaphoric index argument establishes an explicitly expressed relation with their antecedents (i.e., Schwarz 2009, Jenks 2018), we propose that there are two loci for structurally accommodating its anaphoric index argument: (i) at the periphery of Nume(ral)P; and (ii) at the periphery of bare NP. Both Korean and MC demonstratives just outside NumeP assume the role of a strong determiner, performing the same function as the English definite determiner the. However, Korean diverges from MC in structurally licensing the covert strong-determiner-like element just outside a bare NP. It can be lexicalized and licensed with the Case/case morphology available to Korean but only by topic features in the subject/topic position in MC. An important consequence of this analysis is that because unlike their counterparts in Korean, bare NPs in the object position in MC cannot be an anaphoric definite, neither can their null counterparts (i.e., pro's) in the object position in MC, which echoes Huang’s (1984) celebrated ban on null anaphoric definites in the object position. Demonstrating that apparently null anaphoric definites are available only in VP-ellipsis constructions in MC (as well as Korean), we argue that in Korean and MC, overt demonstrative pronouns replace demonstrative-preceded nominals, and pro's substitute bare NPs.
Abstract
This paper contributes to the recent works on the nature of anaphoric definites by comparing Korean and Mandarin Chinese (MC). We first note that in Korean, bare NPs as well as demonstrative-preceded nominals can serve as an anaphoric definite. This sharply contrasts with MC, where demonstrative-preceded nominals can do so, but bare NPs can do so only in the subject/topic position and not in other positions. Building on the claim that unlike unique definites (or weak Ds), anaphoric definites (or strong Ds) are composed of a strong determiner whose anaphoric index argument establishes an explicitly expressed relation with their antecedents (i.e., Schwarz 2009, Jenks 2018), we propose that there are two loci for structurally accommodating its anaphoric index argument: (i) at the periphery of Nume(ral)P; and (ii) at the periphery of bare NP. Both Korean and MC demonstratives just outside NumeP assume the role of a strong determiner, performing the same function as the English definite determiner the. However, Korean diverges from MC in structurally licensing the covert strong-determiner-like element just outside a bare NP. It can be lexicalized and licensed with the Case/case morphology available to Korean but only by topic features in the subject/topic position in MC. An important consequence of this analysis is that because unlike their counterparts in Korean, bare NPs in the object position in MC cannot be an anaphoric definite, neither can their null counterparts (i.e., pro's) in the object position in MC, which echoes Huang’s (1984) celebrated ban on null anaphoric definites in the object position. Demonstrating that apparently null anaphoric definites are available only in VP-ellipsis constructions in MC (as well as Korean), we argue that in Korean and MC, overt demonstrative pronouns replace demonstrative-preceded nominals, and pro's substitute bare NPs.
참고문헌 (49)
- Ahn, Dorothy., "Definite and demonstrative descriptions: a micro-typology", Proceedings of GLOW in Asia XI, 1, pp.33~48 (2017), Michael Yoshitaka Erlewine
- Ahn, Dorothy, "‘That’ thesis: A competition mechanism for anaphoric expressions", Doctor, pp.2019
- Bi, Ruyue Agnes., "Overt versus zero pronouns in Mandarin Chinese", Berkeley Papers in Formal Linguistics, 1, pp.1~10 (2018)
- Bi, Ruyue Agnes, "Pronouns, null arguments, and ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese", Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung, 23(1), pp.127~114 (2019)
- Cheng, Hsu-Te, "Argument ellipsis, classifier phrases, and the DP parameter", Doctor, pp.2013
- Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen, "Two levels for definiteness", Proceedings of GLOW in Asia XI: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, pp.79~93 (2017), MIT
- Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen, "Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP", Linguistic Inquiry, 30, pp.509~542 (1999)
- Chierchia, Gennaro., "Reference to kinds across languages", Natural Language Semantics, 6, pp.339~405 (1998)
- Chierchia, Gennaro, "Dynamics of meaning" (1995), Cambridge University Press
- Cho, Jacee., "The acquisition of different types of definite noun phrases in L2-English", International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, pp.367~382 (2017)
- Chomsky, Noam., "Ken Hale: A life in language", pp.1~52 (2001)
- Clark, Herbert H., "Thinking: Readings in cognitive science", pp.411~420 (1975), Cambridge University Press
- Despić, Miloje, "Definiteness across languages", pp.259~291 (2019), Language Science Press
- Ebert, Karen Heide, "Probleme und fortschritte der Fransformationsgrammatik", pp.159~174 (1971), Hueber
- Farkas, Donka F., "The semantics of incorporation: From argument structure to discourse transparency" (2003), CSLI Publications
- Groenendijk, Jeroen, "Dynamic predicate logic", Linguistics & Philosophy, 14, pp.39~100 (1991)
- Hanink, Emily A., "DP structure and internally headed relatives in Washo", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 39, pp.505~554 (2021)
- Hawkins, John A., "On(in)definite articles : Implicatures and(un)grammaticality prediction", Journal of Linguistics, 27, pp.405~442 (1991)
- Heim, Irene, "The semantics of definite and indefinite noun phrases", Doctor, pp.1982
- Heim, Irene, "Semantik: Ein internationales handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung", pp.487~535 (1991), Mouton de Gruyter
- Heycock, Caroline, "Coordinated bare definites", Linguistic Inquiry, 34, pp.443~469 (2003)
- Huang, C. -T. James., "On the distribution and reference of empty pronominals", Linguistic Inquiry, 15, pp.531~574 (1984)
- Huang, C.-T. James, "Comments on Hasegawa's paper", Proceedings of Japanese Syntax Workshop: Issues on Empty Categories, pp.77~93 (1988), Connecticut College
- Izumi, Yu, "The semantics of proper names and other bare nominals", Doctor, pp.2011
- Jenks, Peter, "Patterns of definiteness without articles", Ms, pp.2015
- Jenks, Peter., "Articulated definiteness without articles", Linguistic Inquiry, 49, pp.501~536 (2018)
- Jiang, L. Julie, "Nominal arguments and language variation", Doctor, pp.2012
- Jiang, L. Julie., "Marking(in)definiteness in classifier languages", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 8, pp.319~343 (2015)
- Kamp, Hans, "From discourse to logic" (1993), Kluwer
- Kang, Arum., "Semantics and pragmatics of definiteness in Korean: The case of ku", Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Altaic Formal Linguistics (WAFL 8), 8, pp.187~198 (2012)
- Kang, Arum, "(In)definiteness, disjunction and anti-specificity in Korean: a study in the semantics-pragmatics interface", Doctor, pp.2015
- Kang, Arum., "Marking definiteness in article-less language : The role of the domain restrictor KU in Korean", Language and Linguistics, 22(2), pp.302~337 (2021)
- Karttunen, Lauri, "Problems of reference in syntax", Doctor, pp.1969
- Karttunen, Lauri, "Notes from the linguistic underground", pp.363~386 (1976), Academic Press
- Koulidobrova, Elena, "The impact of pronominal form on interpretation", pp.2016, Mouton De Gruyter
- Li, Audrey., "Argument determiner phrase and number phrase", Linguistic Inquiry, 29, pp.693~702 (1998)
- Li, XuPing, "Numeral classifiers in Chinese: The syntax-semantics interface" (2013), Walter de Gruyter
- Li, Audrey., "Born empty", Lingua, 151, pp.43~68 (2014)
- Modarresi, Fereshteh, "Bare Nouns in Persian: Interpretation, grammar, and prosody" (2014), University of Ottawa
- Moroney, Mary., "At the intersection of language, logic, and information", pp.108~123 (2019), Springer
- Pan, Haihua, "The bound variable hierarchy and donkey anaphora in Mandarin Chinese", International Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2, pp.159~192 (2015)
- Prince, Ellen F., "Radical pragmatics", pp.223~254 (1981), Academic Press
- Schwarz, Florian, "Two types of definites in natural language", Doctor, pp.2009
- Schwarz, Florian., "Two kinds of definites cross-linguistically", Language and Linguistics Compass, 7, pp.534~559 (2013)
- Silk, Alex, "Semantics with assignment variables", Doctor, pp.2019
- Srivastav, Veneeta., "The syntax and semantics of correlatives", Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 9, pp.637~686 (1991)
- Argument ellipsis from a cross-linguistic perspective: An interim report, "Takahashi, Daiko.", A talk at GLOW in Asia VI, ~ (2007)
- Xu, Liejiong., "Free empty category", Linguistic Inquiry, 17, pp.75~93 (1986)
- Xu, Liejiong., "Definiteness effects on Chinese word order", Cahiers de Linguistique —Asie Orientale, 24(1), pp.29~48 (1995)