본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

현대적 노예 방지 규범과 북한인권

Anti-Modern Slavery Norms and North Korean Human Rights

유영수
극동문제연구소 (THE INSTITUTE FOR FAR EASTERN STUDIES)|2023.06|한국과 국제정치 (Korea and World Politics)|제39권 제2호|pp. 117-147|DOI 10.17331/kwp.2023.39.2.004

1

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

북한인권Corporate Sustainability ManagementNorth Korean Human Rights강제노동Forced Labor현대적 노예기업과 인권 규범지속가능성 경영Modern SlaveryBusiness and Human Rights Norms
주제분류정치외교학

초록

본 연구는 현대적 노예 방지 규범, 보다 넓게는 기업과 인권 규범을 포함한 맥락에서 북한 내 수용소 및 노력동원에 따른 강제노동, 국경지역 인신매매, 해외 북한 노동자 문제 등 북한의 강제노동 문제가 어떻게 논의되어 왔는지 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 기업과 인권 규범 체제 그리고 이와 함께 성장한 지속가능성을 위한 기업의 환경, 사회, 지배구조(ESG) 경영 생태계 속에서 북한의 강제노동 문제를 어떻게 효과적으로 다룰 수 있을지 그리고 이러한 방식이 이제까지의 북한인권 증진을 위한 노력에 어떤 새로운 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있을지 생각해본다. 북한의 강제노동 문제는 현대적 노예 문제가 국가간 관계에서 논의될 때 국가가 후원하는 강제노동의 관점에서 논의되어 왔고, 북핵 문제와 연관되어 인권 문제보다 북핵 제재 이행 문제와 함께 논의되기도 했으나, 최근 무엇보다 기업과 인권 규범의 성장에 따라 공급망 내 인권 침해에 관한 기업의 인권 책임 문제로 정의되고 있다. 기업 활동이라는 새로운 영역을 통한 북한인권 증진이 이루어진다는 측면에서, 그리고 북한이 보편적 인권 규범을 준수하도록 압박하는 일과 실질적 인권 향상을 꾀하는 일 사이의 간극을 좁힌다는 측면에서 기업과 인권 규범 틀에서 북한의 강제노동 문제를 봐야할 이유가 있다.

Abstract

This article looks at how North Korean forced labor at home and abroad has been addressed in the context of anti-modern slavery norms (and, more broadly, business and human rights norms and corporate sustainability management system, as well) and discusses how the problems including forced labor in prison camps, mass mobilization programs, and international supply chains can be handled effectively in the framework of new norms and practices and what implications the new way of human rights promotion has for North Korean human rights. North Korean forced labor issues were firstly described as state-sponsored crimes when they were discussed in inter-state relations, later addressed along with the North Korea nuclear program and the international sanctions against the country, and yet have been gradually defined as matters of corporate human rights responsibility in supply chains as the norms and practices of corporate human rights responsibility have been growing. The newly built framework provides a new way to promote North Korean human rights through business activities and is expected to narrow the gap between promotion of universal human rights including civil and political rights and improvement of actual living conditions, which has been repeatedly considered insurmountable in the attempts to change North Korean human rights practices or conditions.

참고문헌 (46)

  1. 김동현, "의무적 인권실사의 해외 입법 동향과 국내 법제화 방안", 서강법률논총, 11(1), pp.107~149 (2022), 법학연구소[DOI]
  2. "해외 인권과 환경 공급망 실사법 현황 및 시사점" (2022)[URL]
  3. 이상수, "인권실사의 개념과 법제도화 가능성", 법과 기업 연구, 5(1), pp.71~103 (2015), 법학연구소
  4. "‘러 한복판 北노동자 활개’ 북, 대놓고 외화벌이 나섰다" (2023)[URL]
  5. "North Korea: Political Prison Camps" (2011)[URL]
  6. Bernaz, Ndia, "Business and Human Rights: History, Law and Policy-Bridging the Accountability Gap" (2016), Taylor & Francis
  7. "Pervasive, Punitive, and Predetermined: Understanding Modern Slavery in North Korea ( Walk Free Foundations & Leiden Asia Center)" (2018)[URL]
  8. Breuker, Remco E., "People for Profit : North Korean Forced Labour on a Global Scale" (2018), Leiden Asia Centre
  9. "North Korean Forced Labor in International Supply Chains" (2017)[URL]
  10. "North Korea Exports Forced Laborers for Profit, Rights Groups Say" (2015)[URL]
  11. "North Koreans Trapped in ‘State-Sponsored Slavery’ in Russia" (2023)[URL]
  12. "South Korea envisions a building boom in the North. But Pyongyang still relies on ‘forced labor’ brigades" (2018)[URL]
  13. "European Parliament Resolution of 7 April 2022 on the human rights situation in North Korea, including the persecution of religious minorities (2022/2620(RSP))" (2022)[URL]
  14. "Ban on North Korea clothing exports will hurt women the most, experts say" (2017)[URL]
  15. "Even in Poland, Workers’ Wages Flow to North Korea" (2017)[URL]
  16. "Rights and Realpolitik" (1979)[URL]
  17. "North Korea: Economic System Built on Forced Labor" (2012)[URL]
  18. "North Korea: Ruling Party Benefits From Forced Labor" (2015)[URL]
  19. "Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Forced Labour and Forced Marriage" (2022)[URL]
  20. "Why Businesses Say Human Rights Is Their Most Urgent Sustainability Priority" (2016)[URL]
  21. "Qatar Firm Fires Dozens of North Korean Workers" (2015)[URL]
  22. Kara, Siddharth, "Modern Slavery : A Global Perspective" (2017), Columbia University Press
  23. Keck, Margaret E., "Transnational Advocacy Networks in International and Regional Politics", International Social Science Journal, 51(159), pp.89~101 (1999)
  24. "Gulag, Inc.: The Use of Forced Labor in North Korea’s Export Industries" (2016)[URL]
  25. Koh, Harold Hongju, "Trasnational Legal Process", Neb. L. Rev., 75, pp.181~207 (1996)
  26. Leifker, Maren, "독일 공급망 실사법의 의미와 한계", 국제노동브리프, 19(11), pp.30~39 (2021)
  27. "US Warns of North Korea’s Global Outsourcing of Forced Labor" (2018)[URL]
  28. "Which Companies are Serious About Human Rights?" (2018)[URL]
  29. "Forced Labor in North Korean Prison Camps" (2007)[URL]
  30. Nolan, Justine, "Global Supply Chains and Human Rights:Spotlight on Forced Labour and Modern Slavery Practices", Australian Journal of Human Rights, 24(1), pp.44~69 (2018)
  31. "North Koreans working as ‘state-sponsored slaves’ in Qatar" (2014)[URL]
  32. "UK sourced PPE from Factories Secretly Using North Korean Slave Labour" (2020)[URL]
  33. Rasche, Andreas, "The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Corporate Social Responsibility Research", Business and Human Rights Journal, 6(2), pp.227~240 (2021)
  34. "The End of Human Rights?" (2018)[URL]
  35. Ruggie, John Gerard, "Money, Millennials, and Human Rights: Sustaining ‘Sustainable Investing'", Global Policy, 10(1), pp.144~150 (2019)
  36. "North Korean Workers Officially Dispatched to China and Russia: Human Rights Denial, Chain of Command and Control" (2022)[URL]
  37. "US Student Case is Reminder of Prison Conditions in North Korea" (2017)[URL]
  38. "Human Rights Council Holds Interactive Dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea" (2018)[URL]
  39. "Trafficking in Persons Report July 2003" (2003)[URL]
  40. "Trafficking in Persons Report July 2022" (2022)[URL]
  41. Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt, "Histories of Human Rights in the Nordic Countries", Nordic Journal of Human Rights, 36(3), pp.189~201 (2018)
  42. "Stranded North Koreans in China keep earning for homeland" (2020)[URL]
  43. "National action plans on business and human rights"[URL]
  44. "Security Council resolution 2321, S/RES/2321" (2016)[URL]
  45. "Security Council resolution 2375, S/RES/2375" (2017)[URL]
  46. "Security Council resolution 2397, S/RES/2397" (2017)[URL]

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)

개혁개방 이후 중국의 발전모델 이론과 사례 고찰: 중국의 점진적 개혁과 국가-시장 공진이재영pp. 1-45한국에서 반일(反日) 민족주의의 장기 지속에 관한 연구: 독도 담론과 교과서를 통한 새로운 세대로의 전달을 중심으로전재호pp. 47-81핵 문제의 북-러 관계사, 1945~1993년이웅현pp. 83-115
원문 보기