아메리카 ‘자유 기획’ 서사와 역사 생산: 조지 래밍의 『망명의 즐거움』과 미셀 클리프의 『자유 기획』
America “Free Enterprise” Narratives and the Production of History: George Lamming’s The Pleasures of Exile and Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise
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How is it possible to reclaim voices silenced in official histories? How to get to be heard and known those alternate versions marginalized or erased by a single-version history, or grand narratives? Have the resisters with failed free enterprises, the natives enslaved by “civilized” Westerners, and black bodies thrown overboard from a slave ship on a high sea when typhoon coming on, ever had any chance to tell to the world their stories and their ways of seeing? Can writings or storytelling be effective strategies as “free enterprise” to make free the hidden and the oppressed?Barbadian English writer George Lamming (1927-) and Jamaican American writer Michelle Cliff (1946-) attempt to find answers to those questions through their writings: The Pleasures of Exile (1960) and Free Enterprise (1993). Lamming tries to change ways of seeing on and of both “Caliban” the colonized and “Prospero” the colonizer. He reflects his own consciousness and experience as an exile to analyze the Caribbean as well as British cultures, and carries on a dialogue with The Tempest (Prospero’s text) and The Black Jacobins (Caliban’s text) to revise all-negative image of Caliban and all-positive image of Prospero. Cliff achieves powerful subversions of official stories on “John Brown’s raid” through an imaginative life-story of “a friend of John Brown,” Mary Ellen Pleasant, while providing voices to yearnings nearly unimaginable and untold of marginalized others such as women, slaves, colored, and colonized natives. In Cliff's narrative, not only colored women’s histories silenced by both white and colored man’s narratives have been re-lived, the processes themselves of history production and history silencing are dramatized in various episodes. The texts of Lamming and Cliff, despite their being “minority literature” within each nation’s boundary, deals with almost universal and typical experiences of colonization, slavery, and resistance of peoples in the New World, the Americas. Those “free enterprise” narratives of America (not U.S.A) require us to develop new paradigms necessary to fully understand and evaluate trans-national, post-national, and trans-boundary “minority literature” with justice.
Abstract
How is it possible to reclaim voices silenced in official histories? How to get to be heard and known those alternate versions marginalized or erased by a single-version history, or grand narratives? Have the resisters with failed free enterprises, the natives enslaved by “civilized” Westerners, and black bodies thrown overboard from a slave ship on a high sea when typhoon coming on, ever had any chance to tell to the world their stories and their ways of seeing? Can writings or storytelling be effective strategies as “free enterprise” to make free the hidden and the oppressed?Barbadian English writer George Lamming (1927-) and Jamaican American writer Michelle Cliff (1946-) attempt to find answers to those questions through their writings: The Pleasures of Exile (1960) and Free Enterprise (1993). Lamming tries to change ways of seeing on and of both “Caliban” the colonized and “Prospero” the colonizer. He reflects his own consciousness and experience as an exile to analyze the Caribbean as well as British cultures, and carries on a dialogue with The Tempest (Prospero’s text) and The Black Jacobins (Caliban’s text) to revise all-negative image of Caliban and all-positive image of Prospero. Cliff achieves powerful subversions of official stories on “John Brown’s raid” through an imaginative life-story of “a friend of John Brown,” Mary Ellen Pleasant, while providing voices to yearnings nearly unimaginable and untold of marginalized others such as women, slaves, colored, and colonized natives. In Cliff's narrative, not only colored women’s histories silenced by both white and colored man’s narratives have been re-lived, the processes themselves of history production and history silencing are dramatized in various episodes. The texts of Lamming and Cliff, despite their being “minority literature” within each nation’s boundary, deals with almost universal and typical experiences of colonization, slavery, and resistance of peoples in the New World, the Americas. Those “free enterprise” narratives of America (not U.S.A) require us to develop new paradigms necessary to fully understand and evaluate trans-national, post-national, and trans-boundary “minority literature” with justice.
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