유럽연합 플라스틱 포장재 폐기물 부문 EPR (생산자 책임 재활용제도)활성화 방안에 관한 고찰
A Study on facilitating the EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) in the EU Plastic Packaging Waste
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초록
세계적으로 증가일로인 플라스틱 폐기물의 환경오염에 대한 우려가 커지고 있는 가운데 유럽연합은 플라스틱 폐기물 부문에서 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 포장재 폐기물 부문 재활용률 향상을 위해 EPR(생산자 책임 재활용제도)시행의 확대와 장려를 강조한다. 본 연구는 이를 배경으로 유럽연합 플라스틱 포장재 폐기물 부문에서 시행되고 있는EPR의 현황과 주요유형인 PFS체계의 회원국 주요 사례, 주요 공통 특징, 그리고 한계점들을 분석, 논의해보고 그 개선방안들과 한국정부로의 시사점을 도출해 본다. 유럽연합 회원국의 중앙정부로부터 독립적이며 규제적인 성격의 핵심기관을 중심으로운영되는 EPR의 PFS유형 사례들은 재활용률보다는 포장재 폐기물 무게만의 기준 적용, 공동책임제도하의 책임 부담 비용 결정 및 산정과 EPR 자체 영향평가에 대한 어려움, 친환경 플라스틱 포장재 개발 부진 가능성, 그리고 폐기물 누출이라는 한계점들을 가지고 있는 걸로 보인다. 이에 대한 개선방안들로는 포장재 재질의 위해성 및 유해성 기준 지표 시스템 정립을 위한 EU차원의 가이던스 마련, 각 행위자 별 폐기물 최종 처리 비용 산정방식의 공식화 후 지침으로의 조항 마련, 회원국 내 별도의 EPR 영향평가 주무 기관 설립 후의 지속적인 영향평가, 지방정부의 분류 또는 수거업체, 재활용업체들의 수익 보장 성격의 지원 강화 등을 고려해볼 수 있을 것이다. 특히, 한국 EPR제도의 한계점으로도 논의된 폐기물 누출 문제 개선을 위해서 기업들 및 건물들의 그룹 군 단위 화 후의 플라스틱 포장재 폐기물의 수거 목표 설정 후 그 달성률 기준에 근거한 법인세 인하 범위 조정은 그 주요 개선방안으로 제고해 볼 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
As the concern of environmental pollution triggered by an increase in the amount of plastic wastes is growing in the world, the European Union is emphasizing the encouragement and the expansion of EPR to improve recycling rates in packaging waste sector, the biggest share of the plastic waste. The paper is aimed at analyzing and discussing the current state of play of EPR, and the notable examples of the main type of the EPR called PFS, the primary common features, the limitations followed by the possible ways to improve them, and ultimately seeking for policy implications for South Korean Government The PFS cases in which the regulatory organizations independent of the central governments are centered in terms of functioning show the schematic limitations such as the application of the waste weight based criteria, the difficulties in estimating and deciding the accountable cost for each actor in the shared responsible scheme, and in separately assessing the impacts of the EPR, and the possibility of falling behind in developing plastic packaging with eco-design, and waste leakage beyond the coverage. As for the ways to improve them, laying out the EU guidance for putting in place the index system of the environmental hazardousness and harmfulness based criteria of the packaging material, setting up the provision concerning the official methodology for estimating the final treatment costs of packaging waste for each actor in the scheme and putting it into the Directive, establishing the separate EPR impact assessment body and its continuous impact assessment on EPR, and increasing support for waste sorting or waste collecting companies and recyclists by local governments in terms of profit security in the system. In particular, regarding the waste leakage that the EPR of South Korea have in common as a limitation, adjusting the range of reduction in local taxes based on how well the grouped businesses and buildings achieve the collection targets of plastic packaging waste after setting them could be a way to improve the limitation.
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