한국 젊은 성인의 정규화된 아치 높이에 따른 발 유형 분석
Analysis of Foot Type in Korean Young Adults Based on Normalized Arch Height
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Background: The classification of foot type can be commonly determined by the height of the media longitudinal arch. The normalized arch height (NAH) is defined as the ratio of navicular or instep heights to the foot length or instep length. Objects: This study investigated the relationships among foot characteristics, such as foot length (FL), instep length (IL), navicular height (NH), and instep height (IH), in Korean young adults. Also, the distribution of foot type based on calculated NAH was assessed. Methods: Three-dimensional foot scanning data of young adults aged 20 to 39 years (total: 1,978; 974 male, 1,004 female) were obtained from the Korea Technology Standards Institute, and used for analyses. NAH was calculated as the following: NH/FL, IH/FL, IH/IL, NH/ IL. Spearman’s rank order correlation was used to identify correlations among variables. The Mann–Whitney U-test and chi-square test were used to compare the sex differences in foot characteristics and distribution of foot type. Results: FL and IL showed a very high correlation (r = 0.94). The correlations between FL or IL and IH (r = 0.50–0.57) were greater than those between FL or IL and NH (r = 0.23–0.72). Males had significantly larger values than females (p < 0.001), and the frequency of pes planus was significantly higher in females than in males (χ2 = 50.09, p < 0.001). Based on the IH/IL index, the neutral foot, pes planus and pes cavus distributed by 16%, 78%, and 6% respectively. Conclusion: Our results on foot arch distribution could be used as basic data in clinical or footwear fields, and our data on differences in arch structure according to sex may facilitate understanding of why injury to the lower limbs differs between males and females.
Abstract
Background: The classification of foot type can be commonly determined by the height of the media longitudinal arch. The normalized arch height (NAH) is defined as the ratio of navicular or instep heights to the foot length or instep length. Objects: This study investigated the relationships among foot characteristics, such as foot length (FL), instep length (IL), navicular height (NH), and instep height (IH), in Korean young adults. Also, the distribution of foot type based on calculated NAH was assessed. Methods: Three-dimensional foot scanning data of young adults aged 20 to 39 years (total: 1,978; 974 male, 1,004 female) were obtained from the Korea Technology Standards Institute, and used for analyses. NAH was calculated as the following: NH/FL, IH/FL, IH/IL, NH/ IL. Spearman’s rank order correlation was used to identify correlations among variables. The Mann–Whitney U-test and chi-square test were used to compare the sex differences in foot characteristics and distribution of foot type. Results: FL and IL showed a very high correlation (r = 0.94). The correlations between FL or IL and IH (r = 0.50–0.57) were greater than those between FL or IL and NH (r = 0.23–0.72). Males had significantly larger values than females (p < 0.001), and the frequency of pes planus was significantly higher in females than in males (χ2 = 50.09, p < 0.001). Based on the IH/IL index, the neutral foot, pes planus and pes cavus distributed by 16%, 78%, and 6% respectively. Conclusion: Our results on foot arch distribution could be used as basic data in clinical or footwear fields, and our data on differences in arch structure according to sex may facilitate understanding of why injury to the lower limbs differs between males and females.
참고문헌 (35)
- Hillstrom HJ, "Foot type biomechanics part 1 : structure and function of the asymptomatic foot", Gait Posture, 37(3), pp.445~451 (2013)
- Zhao X, "The influence of gender, age, and body mass index on arch height and arch stiffness", J Foot Ankle Surg, 59(2), pp.298~302 (2020)
- Butler RJ, "Arch height index measurement system : establishment of reliability and normative values", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 98(2), pp.102~106 (2008)
- Pohl MB, "A comparison of foot arch measurement reliability using both digital photography and calliper methods", J Foot Ankle Res, 3, pp.14~ (2010)
- Saltzman CL, "Measurement of the medial longitudinal arch", Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 76(1), pp.45~49 (1995)
- Williams DS, "Measurements used to characterize the foot and the medial longitudinal arch : reliability and validity", Phys Ther, 80(9), pp.864~871 (2000)
- Xiong S, "Foot arch characterization: a review, a new metric, and a comparison", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 100(1), pp.14~24 (2010)
- Root ML, "Normal and abnormal function of the foot", pp.2~ (1977), Clinical Biomechanics Corp
- De Doncker E, "The normal and pathological foot. Concepts of anatomy, physiology and pathology of foot deformities", Acta Orthop Belg, 36(4), pp.386~551 (1970)
- Sugathan HK, "A modified Jones procedure for managing clawing of lesser toes in pes cavus : long-term follow-up in 8 patients", J Foot Ankle Surg, 48(6), pp.637~641 (2009)
- Ledoux WR, "Biomechanical differences among pes cavus, neutrally aligned, and pes planus feet in subjects with diabetes", Foot Ankle Int, 24(11), pp.845~850 (2003)
- Levy JC, "Incidence of foot and ankle injuries in West Point cadets with pes planus compared to the general cadet population", Foot Ankle Int, 27(12), pp.1060~1064 (2006)
- Kaufman KR, "The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries", Am J Sports Med, 27(5), pp.585~593 (1999)
- Chang CH, "Flatfoot diagnosis by a unique bimodal distribution of footprint index in children", PLoS One, 9(12), pp.e115808~ (2014)
- Coughlin MJ, "Correlation of Harris mats, physical exam, pictures, and radiographic measurements in adult flatfoot deformity", Foot Ankle Int, 30(7), pp.604~612 (2009)
- Evans AM, "Reliability of the foot posture index and traditional measures of foot position", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 93(3), pp.203~213 (2003)
- Gilmour JC, "The measurement of the medial longitudinal arch in children", Foot Ankle Int, 22(6), pp.493~498 (2001)
- Queen RM, "Describing the medial longitudinal arch using footprint indices and a clinical grading system", Foot Ankle Int, 28(4), pp.456~462 (2007)
- Scharfbillig R, "Criterion validation of four criteria of the foot posture index", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 94(1), pp.31~38 (2004)
- Song J, "Foot type biomechanics. Comparison of planus and rectus foot types", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 86(1), pp.16~23 (1996)
- Weimar WH, "Arch height index normative values of college-aged women using the arch height index measurement system", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 103(3), pp.213~217 (2013)
- Murley GS, "A protocol for classifying normal-and flat-arched foot posture for research studies using clinical and radiographic measurements", J Foot Ankle Res, 2, pp.22~ (2009)
- Hill M, "The relationship between arch height and foot length: Implications for size grading", Appl Ergon, 59(Pt A), pp.243~250 (2017)
- Xiong S, "Modelling foot height and foot shape-related dimensions", Ergonomics, 51(8), pp.1272~1289 (2008)
- Razeghi M, "Foot type classification : a critical review of current methods", Gait Posture, 15(3), pp.282~291 (2002)
- McPoil TG, "Effect of using truncated versus total foot length to calculate the arch height ratio", Foot(Edinb), 18(4), pp.220~227 (2008)
- Dunn J, "Effect of pregnancy and obesity on arch of foot", Orthop Surg, 4(2), pp.101~104 (2012)
- Zhao X, "Characteristics of foot morphology and their relationship to gender, age, body mass index and bilateral asymmetry in Japanese adults", J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 30(3), pp.527~535 (2017)
- Zifchock RA, "The effect of gender, age, and lateral dominance on arch height and arch stiffness", Foot Ankle Int, 27(5), pp.367~372 (2006)
- "5th size Korea. Korean Agency for Technology and Standards" (2004)[URL]
- De Mits S, "Reliability and validity of the Infoot 3D foot digitizer for normal healthy adults", Footwear Sci, 2(2), pp.65~75 (2010)
- De Mits S, "Reliability and validity of the INFOOT three-dimensional foot digitizer for patients with rheumatoid arthritis", J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 101(3), pp.198~207 (2011)
- Nguyen AD, "Identifying relationships among lower extremity alignment characteristics", J Athl Train, 44(5), pp.511~518 (2009)
- Medina McKeon JM, "Sex differences and representative values for 6 lower extremity alignment measures", J Athl Train, 44(3), pp.249~255 (2009)
- Shultz SJ, "Differences in lower extremity anatomical and postural characteristics in males and females between maturation groups", J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 38(3), pp.137~149 (2008)