온실가스 배출 감축 정책과 EU의 규범적 권력
Policy on Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emission and EU’s Normative Power
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초록
EU는 1990년대 말부터 온실가스 감축 등 기후변화에 적극 대응해왔다. EU는 교토의정서부터 코펜하겐 회의, 파리협정까지 기후변화 관련 국제적 합의를 도출하기 위해 노력했으며, 대내적으로도 관련 규칙과 지침을 지속적으로 채택해왔다. EU는 이 같은 정책을 통해 규범적 권력을 구축할 수 있었다. 규범적 권력은 EU가 온실가스 관련 국제협정을 좀 더 원하는 방향대로 설정할 수 있도록 도와주었으며, 더 나아가 국제협정을 준수하지 않는 국가에 대해서는 국가 간 협정뿐만 아니라 ETS나 CBAM 등을 통해 불이익도 부과할 수 있게 되었다. 본고는 EU가 최근 온실가스 감축 정책을 강화하는 가운데, 어떻게 이와 관련된 규범적 권력을 강화할 수 있었는지 살펴보는데 목적을 둔다. 이와 관련에 다음과 같은 4가지 배경을 들 수 있다. 첫째, EU는 1970년대부터 환경 보호 관련 프로그램과 정책을 실행해왔으며 이와 같은 경험과 역량은 EU에 대한 국제 사회의 신뢰 구축에 도움을 주었다. 둘째, 국제협약 탈퇴로 인한 미국의 부재와 중국의 소극적 태도는 EU가 주도적 역할을 맡는 데 유리한 조건을 형성했다. 셋째, EU는 교토의정서와 파리협정 등 국제협정을 통해 제한적인 재원과 노력으로도 EU가 바람직하다고 판단한 규범을 다른 국가 등에 적용할 수 있었다. 넷째, 온실가스 감축 등 비경제적 이슈가 경제적, 정치적 이슈로 확대되면서 EU는 규범적 권력을 가진 행위자로서 상대적 우위를 점할 수 있게 되었다.
Abstract
Since the end of the 1990s, the EU has faced with climate change challenge, in particular greenhouse gases(GHG). EU puts a great deal of effort not only to succeed in drawing international agreements on GHG reduction, such as Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement, but also to adopt EU laws. These attempts attributed to the EU a normative power at European and international level. Normative power over GHG reduction helps the EU setting the contents of the international agreements close to its policies and objectives, and even imposing international agreements and laws, through economic disadvantages with ETS and CBAM on countries which are reluctant to respect the international rules. This paper aims to see how the EU tried to reinforce normative power in the field of GHG reduction. In this point, four circumstances could be underlined as follows. First of all, EU’s experience and capacity in environment programs and policies, implemented since the 1970s, allow the EU to obtain a confidence from international societies. Second, the EU could play an important role in international and European discussions on GHG reduction owing to absence of G2 – the United States and China. Third, the EU with limited power and source in international discussions on GHG reduction could take advantage of international agreements which do not demand hard effort or important sources to impose European rules on other countries. Finally, as GHG reduction which is not economic issue progressively got economic aspects through introduction of ETS and CBAM, the EU has advantages over the others with its normative power.
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