Development of pig welfare assessment protocol integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures
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Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive assessmentprotocol to be used in intensive pig farming systems. There are two current welfare assessment protocols for pigs:Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocols (applicable in the Europe Union), that mostly focuses on animal-basedmeasures, and the Swine Welfare Assurance Program (applicable in the United States), that mostly focuses onmanagement- and environment-based measures. In certain cases, however, animal-based measures might not beadequate for properly assessing pig welfare status. Similarly, welfare assessment that relies only on environment- andmanagement-based measures might not represent the actual welfare status of pigs. Therefore, the objective of thispaper was to develop a new welfare protocol by integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. The background for selection of certain welfare criteria and modification of the scoring systems from existing welfareassessment protocols are described. Methods: The developed pig welfare assessment protocol consists of 17 criteria that are related to four main principlesof welfare (good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior). Good feeding, good housing, andgood health were assessed using a 3-point scale: 0 (good welfare), 1 (moderate welfare), and 2 (poor welfare). In certaincases, only a 2-point scale was used: 0 (certain condition is present) or 2 (certain condition is absent). Appropriatebehavior was assessed by scan sampling of positive and negative social behaviors based on qualitative behaviorassessment and human-animal relationship tests. Results: Modification of the body condition score into a 3-point scale revealed pigs with a moderate body condition(score 1). Moreover, additional criteria such as feed quality confirmed that farms had moderate (score 1) or poor feedquality (score 2), especially those farms located in a high relative humidity region. Conclusions: The developed protocol can be utilized to assess welfare status in an intensive pig farming system. Although further improvements are still needed, this study is a first step in developing a pig welfare assessmentprotocol that combines animal-, environment-, and management-based measures.
Abstract
Background: Due to increased interest in animal welfare, there is now a need for a comprehensive assessmentprotocol to be used in intensive pig farming systems. There are two current welfare assessment protocols for pigs:Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocols (applicable in the Europe Union), that mostly focuses on animal-basedmeasures, and the Swine Welfare Assurance Program (applicable in the United States), that mostly focuses onmanagement- and environment-based measures. In certain cases, however, animal-based measures might not beadequate for properly assessing pig welfare status. Similarly, welfare assessment that relies only on environment- andmanagement-based measures might not represent the actual welfare status of pigs. Therefore, the objective of thispaper was to develop a new welfare protocol by integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. The background for selection of certain welfare criteria and modification of the scoring systems from existing welfareassessment protocols are described. Methods: The developed pig welfare assessment protocol consists of 17 criteria that are related to four main principlesof welfare (good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behavior). Good feeding, good housing, andgood health were assessed using a 3-point scale: 0 (good welfare), 1 (moderate welfare), and 2 (poor welfare). In certaincases, only a 2-point scale was used: 0 (certain condition is present) or 2 (certain condition is absent). Appropriatebehavior was assessed by scan sampling of positive and negative social behaviors based on qualitative behaviorassessment and human-animal relationship tests. Results: Modification of the body condition score into a 3-point scale revealed pigs with a moderate body condition(score 1). Moreover, additional criteria such as feed quality confirmed that farms had moderate (score 1) or poor feedquality (score 2), especially those farms located in a high relative humidity region. Conclusions: The developed protocol can be utilized to assess welfare status in an intensive pig farming system. Although further improvements are still needed, this study is a first step in developing a pig welfare assessmentprotocol that combines animal-, environment-, and management-based measures.
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