동해 비화 조하대 해조류 군집구조의 계절적 변화
Seasonal Variations of Seaweed Community Structure at the Subtidal Zone of Bihwa on the East Coast of Korea
1
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Seaweeds provide habitats in which marine animals can spawn and develop, and serve as a food supply for algaegrazing species such as sea urchins and abalone. Recently, seaweed species have disappeared from coastal ecosystems,leaving barren ground, defined as habitats that have lost their algae forests and where coralline algae containing calcium carbonate components have become encrusted on rocks. The biological causes of barren ground include grazing by herbivores and excessive seaweed harvest. The environmental harm caused by the spread of barren ground includes accelerated eutrophication following the reduction in seaweed, which plays an important role in oceanic purification. In the present study, we identified the relationships between various seaweed species and the occurrence of barren ground. Subtidal benthic macroalgal flora and community structure were observed seasonally on barren ground along vertical transects of rocky shores of Bihwa, Samchuck, and the east coast of Korea from February to November 2006. Fiftyeight seaweed species were identified, including 7 green, 15 brown, and 36 red algae species. There were between 6 and 28 species among seasons. Over the whole study period, average seaweed biomass (g wet wt m-2) was 241.90 g, with a seasonal range of 25.26 to 760.34 g. Seaweed biomass declined with increasing seawater depth and ranged between 91.26 and 422.08 g. The vertical distribution of algae was characterized by Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum honeri at 5 m, S. honeri and U. pinnatifida at 10 m, and U. pinnatifida and Agarum clathratum at 15 m depth. Seasonal patterns in community indices were not found. Community indices showed different patterns along vertical shoreline gradients; the dominance index increased but the richness, evenness, and diversity indices decreased with seawater depth. Sea urchin density was 8 to 24 individ. m-2 in Bihwa. These urchin populations had significantly aggregated spatial patterns and recurrent destructive grazing appeared to be occurring.
Abstract
Seaweeds provide habitats in which marine animals can spawn and develop, and serve as a food supply for algaegrazing species such as sea urchins and abalone. Recently, seaweed species have disappeared from coastal ecosystems,leaving barren ground, defined as habitats that have lost their algae forests and where coralline algae containing calcium carbonate components have become encrusted on rocks. The biological causes of barren ground include grazing by herbivores and excessive seaweed harvest. The environmental harm caused by the spread of barren ground includes accelerated eutrophication following the reduction in seaweed, which plays an important role in oceanic purification. In the present study, we identified the relationships between various seaweed species and the occurrence of barren ground. Subtidal benthic macroalgal flora and community structure were observed seasonally on barren ground along vertical transects of rocky shores of Bihwa, Samchuck, and the east coast of Korea from February to November 2006. Fiftyeight seaweed species were identified, including 7 green, 15 brown, and 36 red algae species. There were between 6 and 28 species among seasons. Over the whole study period, average seaweed biomass (g wet wt m-2) was 241.90 g, with a seasonal range of 25.26 to 760.34 g. Seaweed biomass declined with increasing seawater depth and ranged between 91.26 and 422.08 g. The vertical distribution of algae was characterized by Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum honeri at 5 m, S. honeri and U. pinnatifida at 10 m, and U. pinnatifida and Agarum clathratum at 15 m depth. Seasonal patterns in community indices were not found. Community indices showed different patterns along vertical shoreline gradients; the dominance index increased but the richness, evenness, and diversity indices decreased with seawater depth. Sea urchin density was 8 to 24 individ. m-2 in Bihwa. These urchin populations had significantly aggregated spatial patterns and recurrent destructive grazing appeared to be occurring.
참고문헌 (45)
- Arévalo RS, "Changes in th composition and structure of Mediterranean rokey-shore communities following a gradient of nutrient enrichment: Descriptive study and test of proposed methodsto assess water quality regarding macroalgae", Mar Poll Bull, 55, pp.104~113 (2007)
- Boo SM, "Distribution of marine algae from shore area of Kangwon province", Korean J Phycol, 2, pp.223~235 (1987)
- Boo SM, "Studies on benthic algal community in the east coast of Korea. I. Floristic composition and periodicity of Sokcho rocky shore", Korean J Phycol, 1, pp.107~116 (1986)
- Bray JR, "An ordination of the upland forest communities of Southern Wisconsin", Ecol Monogr, 27, pp.325~349 (1957)
- 최창근, "동해안 울진 연안 조하대 저서 해조류의 군집구조", ALGAE, 21(4), pp.463~470 (2006), 한국조류학회I
- 최창근, "독도의 해조상 및 군집구조", 한국수산과학회지, 42(5), pp.503~508 (2009), 한국수산과학회
- Choi CG, "Ecology of seaweed beds on two types of artificial reef", J Appl Phycol, 14, pp.343~349 (2002)
- Chung H, "Ecological characteristics of algal whitening in coastal zone of Seogwipo area, Cheju Island", Algae, 13, pp.361~374 (1998)
- Chung H, "Vertical distribution of marine algae on a Gallam rocky shore of the mid-east coast of Korea", Korean J Phycol, 6, pp.55~67 (1991)
- Tutorial, "PRIMER V6: User Manual", pp.2006, Clarke KR
- Angela Dubois, "Seasonal variation in kelp phlorotannins in relation to grazer abundance and environmental variables in the Alaskan sublittoral zone", ALGAE, 27(1), pp.9~19 (2012), 한국조류학회I
- Figueiredo MA, "Biotic interactions in the colonization of crustose corallin e algae by epiphytes", J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 199, pp.303~318 (1996)
- Fisheries Agency, "Isoyake Taisaku Guideline", pp.1~208 (2007), Maeda press
- Fujita D, "Recovery from Urchin Barrens", pp.1~291 (2008), Seizando shoten
- Fujita D., "Current status and problems of isoyake in Japan", Bull Fish Res Agen, 32, pp.33~42 (2010)
- Hereu B, "The effects of predator abundance and habitat structural complexity on survival of juvenile sea urchins", Mar Biol, 146, pp.293~299 (2005)
- Jang JW, "Marine algal flora and community structure in Kangwon", pp.1994
- Kawamata S, "Effect of wave-inducted oscillatory flow on grazing by a subtidal sea urchin Stronglocentrotus nudus", J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 224, pp.31~48 (1998)
- JeongHaKim, "Mechanisms of Competition between Canopy-Forming and Turf-Forming Intertidal Algae", ALGAE, 17(1), pp.33~39 (2002), 한국조류학회I
- Kim YD, "Cellular and molecular biological studies of seaweed Porphyra pseudolinearis Udea", 박사, pp.2001
- Kim YD, "The manual for the construction of seaweed forest on the east coast of Korea", NFRDI, ~ (2007)
- 김영대, "동해안 중북부 대진 해역의 해조상 및 군집구조", 한국수산과학회지, 43(5), pp.532~539 (2010), 한국수산과학회
- Lee JW, "A floristic study on marine benthic algae of Yongil Bay and adjacent areas, eastern coast of Korea", Korean J Phycol, 3, pp.165~182 (1988)
- Lee JW, "A study on the community structure of intertidal marine benthic algae in the east coast of Korea I. An intertidal marine benthic algal community at Sokcho", Korean J Phycol, 8, pp.67~75 (1993)
- Lee IK, "Biodiversity and distribution of marine benthic organisms and uses of algal resources in the coastal zone of Korea and Japan I. Benthic marine algae in the east coast of Korea", Algae, 14, pp.91~110 (1999)
- Lee YP, "A Catalogue of the Seaweeds in Korea", pp.1~662 (2002), Cheju National University Press
- Ling SD, "Recovery of canopy- forming macroalgae following removal of the enigmatic grazing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma", Journal of J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 395, pp.135~146 (2010)
- Margalef R, "Information theory in ecology", General Systematics, 3, pp.36~71 (1958)
- McNaughton SJ, "Structure and function in California grasslands", Ecology, 49, pp.962~972 (1967)
- Nam KW, "Benthic marine algae in east coast of Korea: flora distribution and community structure", J Korean Fish Soc, 29, pp.727~743 (1996)
- A Study on Construction of Seaweed Forest in the East Sea. In 2004 final report on fisheries life sciences and aquaculture sciences, "NFRDI", Yemoonsa, 1~283 (2004)
- A Study on Construction of Seaweed Forest in the East Sea. In 2007 final report on fisheries life sciences and aquaculture sciences, "NFRDI", Yemoonsa, 1~542 (2007)
- NFRDI, "Annual Report of Oceanographic Observations, Volume 56", pp.1~887 (2008), Dongwoo press
- NFRDI, "Annual Report of Oceanographic Observations, Volume 57", pp.1~1302 (2009), Dongwoo press
- Ohno M, "Seaweed succession on artificial reefs on different bottom substrata", J Appl Phycol, 2, pp.327~332 (1990)
- Pielou EC, "An introduction to Mathematical Ecology", pp.1~286 (1969), Wiley
- Shannon C., "A mathematical theory of communication", Bell Syst Tech J, 27, pp.379~423 (1948)
- 신재덕, "동해 중부 대진과 죽변 연안의 저서 해조류 군집구조", ALGAE, 23(3), pp.231~240 (2008), 한국조류학회I
- 신재덕, "한국 연안 해조류 생물량의 연간 변동 양상: 강원도 대진지역", ALGAE, 23(4), pp.327~334 (2008), 한국조류학회I
- Shin S, "Invertebrata Fauna of Korea. Vol. 32", pp.1~122 (2011), National Institute of Biological Resources. Ministry of Environment
- Steneck RS, "Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future trends", Environ Conservat, 29, pp.436~459 (2002)
- Terawaki T, "Management- free techniques for restoration of Eisenia and Ecklonia beds along the central Pacific coast of Japan", J Appl. Phycol, 13, pp.13~17 (2001)
- Tsutsui I, "A morphometric comparison of Ecklonia kurome (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) from Japan", Phycol Res, 44, pp.215~222 (1996)
- Watanuki A, "Settlement of seaweeds on coastal structures", Hydrobiologia, 204, pp.275~280 (1990)
- Yoo JW, "distribution pattern of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus in relation to predation pressure in Hosan, the east coast of Korea" (2004)