Effect of Smoking Cessation and Reduction on the Risk of Cancer in Korean Men: A Population Based Study
2
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking habit change on the risk of cancer. Materials and Methods From the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we determined the change in smoking habit between the first (2002 and 2003) and second (2004 and 2005) health examination periods. A total of 143,071 men were categorized into baseline heavy ( 20 cigarettes per day), moderate (10-19 cigarettes per day), light (< 10 cigarettes per day) smokers, quitters, and never smokers, after which the change in smoking status was determined during the second health examination. The participants were then followed up from 2006 to 2013 for all cancer, smoking related cancer, and lung cancer. Results Compared to heavy continual smokers, heavy smokers who quit had reduced risk of smoking related cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.97) and tended to have reduced risk of all cancer (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.00). Moderate smokers who reduced the amount of smoking to light levels had decreased risk of all cancer (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.94), smoking related cancer (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.93), and lung cancer (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.79) compared to heavy continual smokers. Conclusion Smoking reduction decreases the risk of all cancer, smoking related cancer, and lung cancer. While smoking cessation should be the treatment of choice for smokers, smoking reduction may serve as an alternative strategy for those who cannot quit.
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking habit change on the risk of cancer. Materials and Methods From the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we determined the change in smoking habit between the first (2002 and 2003) and second (2004 and 2005) health examination periods. A total of 143,071 men were categorized into baseline heavy ( 20 cigarettes per day), moderate (10-19 cigarettes per day), light (< 10 cigarettes per day) smokers, quitters, and never smokers, after which the change in smoking status was determined during the second health examination. The participants were then followed up from 2006 to 2013 for all cancer, smoking related cancer, and lung cancer. Results Compared to heavy continual smokers, heavy smokers who quit had reduced risk of smoking related cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.97) and tended to have reduced risk of all cancer (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.00). Moderate smokers who reduced the amount of smoking to light levels had decreased risk of all cancer (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.94), smoking related cancer (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.93), and lung cancer (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.79) compared to heavy continual smokers. Conclusion Smoking reduction decreases the risk of all cancer, smoking related cancer, and lung cancer. While smoking cessation should be the treatment of choice for smokers, smoking reduction may serve as an alternative strategy for those who cannot quit.
참고문헌 (24)
- Ambrose JA, "The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update", J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, pp.1731~1737 (2004)
- Wolf PA, "Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study", JAMA, 259, pp.1025~1029 (1988)
- Sasco AJ, "Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence", Lung Cancer, 45(Suppl 2), pp.S3~S9 (2004)
- 정규원, "Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2014", Cancer Research and Treatment, 49(2), pp.292~305 (2017), 대한암학회
- Ebbert JO, "Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observations from a prospective cohort of women", J Clin Oncol, 21, pp.921~926 (2003)
- Altieri A, "Cessation of smoking and drinking and the risk of laryngeal cancer", Br J Cancer, 87, pp.1227~1229 (2002)
- Mulder I, "Smoking cessation would substantially reduce the future incidence of pancreatic cancer in the European Union", Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 14, pp.1343~1353 (2002)
- Hughes JR, "Does smoking reduction increase future cessation and decrease disease risk? A qualitative review", Nicotine Tob Res, 8, pp.739~749 (2006)
- Shiffman S, "Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research", Nicotine Tob Res, 4(Suppl 2), pp.S113~S129 (2002)
- Godtfren NS, "Effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk", JAMA, 294, pp.1505~1510 (2005)
- Song YM, "Reduction and cessation of cigarette smoking and risk of cancer: a cohort study of Korean men", J Clin Oncol, 26, pp.5101~5106 (2008)
- Seong SC, "Data resource profile: The National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea", Int J Epidemiol, 46, pp.799~800 (2017)
- Lee J, "Cohort profile: The National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea", Int J Epidemiol, 46, pp.e15~ (2017)
- Kwon S, "Payment system reform for health care providers in Korea", Health Policy Plan, 18, pp.84~92 (2003)
- Korean National Health Insurance Corporation, "Analysis of 2009 national health screening program" (2010)
- Park SM, "Prediagnosis body mass index and risk of secondary primary cancer in male cancer survivors: a large cohort study", J Clin Oncol, 34, pp.4116~4124 (2016)
- Seong SC, "Cohort profile: the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) in Korea", BMJ Open, 7, pp.e016640~ (2017)
- Warren GW, "The 2014 Surgeon General's report: "The health consequences of smoking: 50 years of progress": a paradigm shift in cancer care", Cancer, 120, pp.1914~1916 (2014)
- Sundararajan V, "New ICD-10 version of the Charlson comorbidity index predicted in-hospital mortality", J Clin Epidemiol, 57, pp.1288~1294 (2004)
- Godtfren NS, "Smoking reduction, smoking cessation, and mortality: a 16-year follow-up of 19,732 men and women from The Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies", Am J Epidemiol, 156, pp.994~1001 (2002)
- Hurt RD, "Does smoking reduction result in reduction of biomarkers associated with harm? A pilot study using a nicotine inhaler", Nicotine Tob Res, 2, pp.327~336 (2000)
- Hatsukami DK, "Effects of cigarette reduction on cardiovascular risk factors and subjective measures", Chest, 128, pp.2528~2537 (2005)
- Seo HJ, "A comparison of the cancer incidence rates between the national cancer registry and insurance claims data in Korea", Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 13, pp.6163~6168 (2012)
- Sato I, "The accuracy of Japanese claims data in identifying breast cancer cases", Biol Pharm Bull, 38, pp.53~57 (2015)