Evaluation of interleukin-1β and 8 in gutka chewers with periodontitis among a rural Indian population
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Purpose: Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutkausage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevantmechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitisby examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 from the gingivalcrevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis(15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontallyhealthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI),probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. TheIL-1β and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (Quantikine). Results: The IL-1β and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1β,369.01±273.44 μL; IL-8, 205.97±196.78 μL) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1β,195.57±96.85 μL; IL-8, 178.61±149.35 μL). More gingival RC and loss of attachment wasseen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02±0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60±0.56, P<0.001) thanamong the NGC group (RC, 1.21±1.15; CAL, 3.70±0.32); however, PD was deeper amongthe NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group(P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewersand non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=–0.64, P<0.01). Conclusions: Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.
Abstract
Purpose: Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutkausage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevantmechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitisby examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 from the gingivalcrevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis(15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontallyhealthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI),probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. TheIL-1β and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (Quantikine). Results: The IL-1β and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1β,369.01±273.44 μL; IL-8, 205.97±196.78 μL) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1β,195.57±96.85 μL; IL-8, 178.61±149.35 μL). More gingival RC and loss of attachment wasseen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02±0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60±0.56, P<0.001) thanamong the NGC group (RC, 1.21±1.15; CAL, 3.70±0.32); however, PD was deeper amongthe NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group(P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewersand non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=–0.64, P<0.01). Conclusions: Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.
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