판구조론의 학습발달과정 개발을 위한 지구적 인지과정 평가의 횡단적 문항 반응 분석: Rasch 모델
Cross-Sectional Item Response Analysis of Geocognition Assessment for the Development of Plate Tectonics Learning Progressions: Rasch Model
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초록
이 연구는 판구조론(plate tectonics)에 대한 지구적 인지과정(geocognition)의 검사 문항을 중학생, 고등학생 및 대학생들에게 적용하여 문항별 응답 반응을 Rasch 모델에 근거하여 횡단적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 판구조론에 대한 학습 발달과정 및 교육과정개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제안하고자 하였다. 판구조론의 개념적 구인은 ‘판과 관련된 지구 내부 구조의 이해, 판 경계에서 특징적인 지형,판 경계의 지질 현상’으로, 지구적 인지과정의 구인은 시간적 추론,공간적 추론, 과거역산적 추론, 시스템 사고로 선정하였다. 판구조론의개념적 구인을 문항의 소재로 하여 지구적 인지과정의 추론 능력을조사하는 통합적 형태로 9개의 평가 문항을 개발하였다. 문항의 그림자료들은 모두 GeoMapApp을 활용하여 작성하였다. 전체 문항에 대한 학생들이 얻은 점수에 따라 학생들의 수준을 구분하고 이를 각문항의 과제 곤란도와 비교하여 측정하는 Rasch 모델을 적용하여 학생들의 문항 반응 결과를 측정하였다. Rasch 모델 분석으로 중학생,고등학생 및 대학생의 Wright map을 각각 작성하여 학생들의 능력과문항 곤란도를 서로 비교하였고, Differential Item Functioning 분석을통해 세 학교급 학생들의 문항 반응 결과를 종합하여 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 과학 교육과정에서 판구조론에 대한지구적 인지과정은 중학생, 고등학생에게 모두 평가 가능한 구인임을알 수 있었다. 둘째, 중학교 ~ 대학교에 이르는 횡단적 분석에서 학생들의 발달 양상이 가장 두드러진 지구적 인지과정의 요소는 공간적추론이었다. 셋째, 판구조론에 대한 지구적 인지과정은 적절한 교수활동의 도움과 지구과학 내용 지식을 비계(scaffolding)로 하여 더 높은수준으로 발달할 수 있다. 넷째, 지구적 인지과정은 과제의 내용과분리된 일반적 추론 능력이 아니라 과제의 내용과 연관된 내용-특이적(content-specific) 추론임을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 수행한 횡단적분석의 결과를 바탕으로 지구과학 교육과정에서 판구조론의 내용 체계를 재구성하기 위한 제언을 제시하였다.
Abstract
In this study, assessment items to examine geocognition on plate tectonics were developed and appliedto middle and high school students and college students. Conceptual constructs on plate tectonics areEarth interior structure, specific geomorphology, and geologic phenomena at each plate boundary. Construct for geocognition included temporal reasoning, spatial reasoning, retrospective reasoning, andsystem thinking. Pictorial data in each item were all obtained from GeoMapApp. Students’ responsesto the items were analyzed and measured cross-sectionally by Rasch model, which distinguishes persons’ability levels based on their scores for all items and compared them with item difficulty. By Raschmodel analysis, Wright maps for middle and high school students and college students were obtainedand compared with each other. Differential Item Functioning analysis was also implemented to comparestudents’ item responses across school grades. The results showed: 1) Geocognition on plate tectonicswas an assessable construct for middle and high school students in current science curriculum, 2) Themost distinguished geocognition factor was spatial reasoning based on cross sectional analysis acrossschool grades, 3) Geocognition on plate tectonics could be developed towards more sophisticated levelthrough scaffolding of relevant instruction and earth science content knowledge, and 4) Geocognitionwas not a general reasoning separated from a task content but a content-specific reasoning related tothe content of an assessment item. We proposed several suggestions for learning progressions for platetectonics and national curriculum development based on the results of the study.
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