Tick-Borne Rickettsiosis and Tsutsugamushi Disease Recorded in 313
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Tsutsugamushi disease was first described in China by Hong Ge in 313. In his book Zhouhou Beiji Fang, three eschar-associated febrile diseases were described: Shashidu, Zhongxidu, and Shegongdu. Shashidu was identified as being identical to tsutsugamushi disease in Japan: it occurred in riverside areas, exhibited an eschar, and was transmitted by tiny red “sand lice”. The nature of Zhongxidu remains unknown, but we propose that it is another type of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection: it occurred in mountainous areas, an eschar was observed, and the causative vector was not identified. Moreover, Zhongxidu would have predated Shashidu by five centuries; thus, the first documentation of tsutsugamushi disease would date back 2.2 millennia. O. tsutsugamushi infection without eschar has not been identified in ancient Chinese literature and may be included in Shanghan. Several ancient Chinese books describe that Shegongdu occurs following a Shegong bite. Shegong is described as a bug resembling a cockroach or cicada with a crossbow-like structure, possibly the hypostome and unfolded palps of tick, in its mouth. Thus, Shegong refers to an engorged tick and Shegongdu is a tick-borne rickettsiosis. However, due to a lack of entomological knowledge, these findings have not been recognized for the past 1.7 millennia.
Abstract
Tsutsugamushi disease was first described in China by Hong Ge in 313. In his book Zhouhou Beiji Fang, three eschar-associated febrile diseases were described: Shashidu, Zhongxidu, and Shegongdu. Shashidu was identified as being identical to tsutsugamushi disease in Japan: it occurred in riverside areas, exhibited an eschar, and was transmitted by tiny red “sand lice”. The nature of Zhongxidu remains unknown, but we propose that it is another type of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection: it occurred in mountainous areas, an eschar was observed, and the causative vector was not identified. Moreover, Zhongxidu would have predated Shashidu by five centuries; thus, the first documentation of tsutsugamushi disease would date back 2.2 millennia. O. tsutsugamushi infection without eschar has not been identified in ancient Chinese literature and may be included in Shanghan. Several ancient Chinese books describe that Shegongdu occurs following a Shegong bite. Shegong is described as a bug resembling a cockroach or cicada with a crossbow-like structure, possibly the hypostome and unfolded palps of tick, in its mouth. Thus, Shegong refers to an engorged tick and Shegongdu is a tick-borne rickettsiosis. However, due to a lack of entomological knowledge, these findings have not been recognized for the past 1.7 millennia.
참고문헌 (35)
- Tanaka K, "Report on the investigation of the etiology of Japanese flood fever (second)", Kanpou, (3498), pp.6~12 (1895)
- Tanaka K, "My view on tsutsugamushi disease", Nihon Iji Shinpo, (967), pp.1099~1100 (1941)
- Hatori J, "On the endemic tsutsugamushi disease of Formosa", Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 13, pp.233~258 (1919)
- Kawamura R, "Studies on tsutsugamushi disease(Japanese flood fever)" (1926), Spokesman Printing Co
- Schüffner W, "Pseudotyphoid fever in Deli, Sumatra(a variety of Japanese Kedani fever)", Philipp J Sci, 10, pp.345~353 (1915)
- Fletcher W, "Tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States with a compilation on epidemic typhus", Bull Inst Med Res Fed Malay States, (2), pp.1~88 (1925)
- Fletcher W, "The tsutsugamushi disease in the Federated Malay States", Bull Inst Med Res Fed Malay States, (1), pp.1~26 (1927)
- Jones BM, "The penetration of the host tissue by the harvest mite, Trombicul autumnalis Shaw", Parasitology, 40, pp.247~260 (1950)
- Chung MH, "Erythematous patch in tsutsugamushi disease-an atypical form of eschar", Infect Chemother, 52, pp.403~406 (2020)
- Suto T, "Present state of scrub typhus and extreme countermeasure", Intern Med, 59, pp.1049~1055 (1987)
- Kim YH, "The eschar size and early inoculation lesion of tsutsugamushi disease on Jeju Island, Korea", Infect Chemother, 51, pp.345~354 (2019)
- Smadel JE, "Immunity in scrub typhus : resistance to induced reinfection", AMA Arch Pathol, 50, pp.847~861 (1950)
- Tanaka K, "Important clinical findings of kedani (tsutsugamushi) disease", Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 4, pp.168~170 (1929)
- Ueno Y, "Studies on tsutsugamushi and tsutsugamushi-disease of Hachijo Island", Med Entomol Zool, 7, pp.231~253 (1956)
- Park J, "Evolution of eschar in scrub typhus", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 95, pp.1223~1224 (2016)
- McCulloch RN, "Studies in the control of scrub typhus", Med J Aust, 1, pp.717~738 (1946)
- Olson JG, "Prevention of scrub typhus. Prophylactic administration of doxycycline in a randomized double blind trial", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 29, pp.989~997 (1980)
- Kinoshita H, "Descriptive epidemiology of rickettsial infections in Japan : scrub typhus and Japanese spotted fever, 2007-2016", Int J Infect Dis, 105, pp.560~566 (2021)
- Stewart AGA, "Prompt defervescence after initiation of treatment for rickettsial infections-time to dispense with the dogma?", Int J Infect Dis, 102, pp.132~135 (2021)
- Hara Y, "The influence of chemotherapy on the mortality rates of tsutsugamushi disease in Northern Japan, and some other statistical information", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 5, pp.218~223 (1956)
- Thorner AR, "Rocky mountain spotted fever", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1353~1359 (1998)
- Lu M, "Circulation of multiple Rickettsiales bacteria in ticks from Sichuan province, Southwest China", Microb Pathog, 183, pp.106313~ (2023)
- Ma R, "The current distribution of tick species in Inner Mongolia and inferring potential suitability areas for dominant tick species based on the MaxEnt model", Parasit Vectors, 16, pp.286~ (2023)
- Jin X, "Diversity of Rickettsiales bacteria in five species of ticks collected from Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, China in 2021-2022", Front Microbiol, 14, pp.1141217~ (2023)
- Gu XL, "Natural Mediterranean spotted fever Foci, Qingdao, China", Emerg Infect Dis, 28, pp.2524~2527 (2022)
- Cao XQ, "Molecular detection of Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Bartonella in ticks from free-ranging sheep in Gansu Province, China", Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 14, pp.102137~ (2023)
- Peng PY, "Epidemiologic changes of a longitudinal surveillance study spanning 51 years of scrub typhus in mainland China", Sci Rep, 14, pp.3138~ (2024)
- Cunha BA, "The cause of the plague of Athens : plague, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, or measles?", Infect Dis Clin North Am, 18, pp.29~43 (2004)
- Vaughan VC, "History and epidemiology of typhus fever", JAMA, 64, pp.1805~1810 (1915)
- Lloyd GER, "Hippocratic writings" (1983), Penguin Books
- Pappas G, "Insights into infectious disease in the era of Hippocrates", Int J Infect Dis, 12, pp.347~350 (2008)
- Phongmany S, "Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos", Emerg Infect Dis, 12, pp.256~262 (2006)
- Kitashima T, "Third report on the study of tsutsugamushi disease", Saikingaku Zasshi, (166), pp.559~572 (1909)
- Wharton GW, "Food of nymphs and adults of Neoschöngastia indica(Hirst 1915)", Science, 104, pp.76~77 (1946)
- Jayewickreme SH, "Successful feeding experiments with an adult trombiculid mite(order Acarina)", Nature, 157, pp.878~ (1946)