이더리움 네트워크에서의 VDF 검증 방법 연구
A Study on VDF Verification in the Ethereum Network
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
검증 가능한 지연 함수(VDF, Verifiable Delay Function)는 순차적 처리를 통해 결과를 산출하기까지 최소한의 지연을 보장하는 암호화 개념으로, 병렬 컴퓨팅에 강하다는 특징이 있다. 이 논문에서는 잘 알려진 두 가지 VDF 프로토콜인 Wesolowski와 Pietrzak VDF를 다루고 블록체인 환경에 적합하게 구현하고 비교한다. 특히 스마트 컨트랙트에서 실용적인 VDF 검증 구현에 대한 연구가 부족하다는 점을 감안하여, 이더리움 기반 환경에서 VDF 검증의 무결성과 신뢰성을 손상하지 않으면서도 비용 효율적인 VDF 검증을 구현하는 것을 목표로 했다. Wesolowski VDF의 경우 암호학적 개념들을 근거하여 보안성을 약간 낮추더라도 국제 보안 표준을 만족하는 수준을 유지하면서 효율적인 구현에 초점을 맞췄다. 그리고 학술적 연구에서 최초로 Pietrzak VDF를 EVM 환경에서 구현하고 효율성을 측정했다. 최종적으로 우리는 VDF가 블록체인 애플리케이션에서 실질적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다.
Abstract
A verifiable delay function (VDF) is a cryptographic concept that guarantees a minimum delay before producing a result through sequential processing and is characterized by its robustness to parallel computing. This paper covers two well-known VDF protocols, Wesolowski and Pietrzak VDF, and compares their implementations for the blockchain environment. Given the need for more research on practical VDF verification implementations, especially in smart contracts, we aim to implement cost-effective VDF verification in an Ethereum-based environment without compromising the integrity and reliability of VDF verification. For the Wesolowski VDF, we focused on an efficient implementation with a slightly less security based on cryptographic concepts while maintaining a level of security that meets international security standards. And for the first time in academic research, we implemented the Pietrzak VDF in an EVM environment and measured its efficiency. Finally, we show that VDFs can be used practically in blockchain applications.
참고문헌 (25)
- K. Alpturer, "Optimal RANDAO manipulation in Ethereum", 6th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, LIPIcs, 316, pp.10:1~10:21 (2024)
- "Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 6: The Splurge" (2024)[URL]
- H. Chen, "A survey on Ethereum systems security: Vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses", ACM Computing Surveys, 53(3), pp.1~43 (2021)
- "VRF Billing" (2024)[URL]
- Bicorn: An optimistically efficient distributed randomness beacon, "K. Choi", ~, pp.Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2023 (2023), 221
- B. Wesolowski, "Efficient verifiable delay functions", Journal of Cryptology, 33(4), pp.2113~2147 (2020)
- K. Pietrzak, "Simple verifiable delay functions", 10th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference, LIPIcs, 124, pp.60:1~60:15 (2019)
- D. Boneh, "Verifiable delay functions", Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2018, pp.757~788 (2018)
- R.L. Rivest, "Time-lock puzzles and timed-release crypto", MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (1996)
- V. Attias, "Implementation study of two verifiable delay functions", 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Economics, Security and Protocols, OASIcs, 82, pp.9:1~9:14 (2021)
- A survey of two verifiable delay functions, "D. Boneh", IACR Communications in Cryptology, ~ (2024)
- A.K. Lenstra, "A random zoo: sloth, unicorn, and trx", IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2015(366) (2015)
- T.H. Cormen, "Introduction to Algorithms" (2022), The MIT Press
- I. Damgård, "Average case error estimates for the strong probable prime test", Mathematics of Computation, 61(203), pp.177~194 (1993)
- "Cicada" (2024)[URL]
- S. Sur, "Worst-case analysis of the soundness of efficient verifiable delay function", IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, pp.400~405 (2024)
- D. Shanks, "On maximal gaps between successive primes", Mathematics of Computation, 18(88), pp.646~651 (1964)
- Cryptographic mechanisms:Recommendations and key lengths, "Federal Office for Information Security", ~, pp.Technical Guideline BSI TR-02102-1 (2024)
- E. Barker, "Recommendation for key management: Part 1 – General", NIST Special Publication 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5, ~ (2020)
- A. Beregszaszi, "EIP-5656: MCOPY -Memory copying instruction", Ethereum Improvement Proposals, (5656) (2021)
- "Full BigNumber library implementation for Solidity" (2024)[URL]
- V. Buterin, "EIP-198: Big integer modular exponentiation", Ethereum Improvement Proposals, (198) (2017)
- K. Olson, "EIP-2565:ModExp gas cost", Ethereum Improvement Proposals, (2565) (2020)
- G. Wood, "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger EIP-150 REVISION", Ethereum Project Yellow Paper (2024)