The impact of a firm’s transparent manufacturing practices on women fashion shoppers
1
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Many fashion brands have responded to a transparent fashion industry to prevent unethical manufacturing practices. Firms are evaluating suppliers more carefully as fashion consumers are showing more concern and shopping with the social consciousness of sweatshops. Prior studies have examined the relationship between transparency and purchase intention; however, little is known about women fashion consumers. Because women show more participation in proenvironment behavior and activism than men and information about suppliers is highly valued, we examined women’s perception toward firms’ transparency of suppliers’ manufacturing practices. Structural modeling was employed for hypotheses testing for 411 women fashion consumers in a South-western European country. The proposed model provides the satisfactory explanation for transparency as an antecedent of brand trust among women consumers. The study reports that consumer attitude toward the brand acts as mediator between transparency and purchase intention. The results suggest that transparency has a significant and positive relationship with trust, attitude and word-of-mouth intention; however, it does not have significant relation to purchase intention. Trust has a positive and significant relation with word-of-mouth communication; however, it does not have a significant relation to purchase intention. Implications for researchers and marketers and direction for future studies are suggested.
Abstract
Many fashion brands have responded to a transparent fashion industry to prevent unethical manufacturing practices. Firms are evaluating suppliers more carefully as fashion consumers are showing more concern and shopping with the social consciousness of sweatshops. Prior studies have examined the relationship between transparency and purchase intention; however, little is known about women fashion consumers. Because women show more participation in proenvironment behavior and activism than men and information about suppliers is highly valued, we examined women’s perception toward firms’ transparency of suppliers’ manufacturing practices. Structural modeling was employed for hypotheses testing for 411 women fashion consumers in a South-western European country. The proposed model provides the satisfactory explanation for transparency as an antecedent of brand trust among women consumers. The study reports that consumer attitude toward the brand acts as mediator between transparency and purchase intention. The results suggest that transparency has a significant and positive relationship with trust, attitude and word-of-mouth intention; however, it does not have significant relation to purchase intention. Trust has a positive and significant relation with word-of-mouth communication; however, it does not have a significant relation to purchase intention. Implications for researchers and marketers and direction for future studies are suggested.
참고문헌 (147)
- Agustin, C., "Curvilinear effects of consumer loyalty determinants in relational exchanges", Journal of Marketing Research, 42(1), pp.96~108 (2005)
- Alvesson, M., "Studying management critically" (2003), Sage
- Appelbaum, R., "Choosing sides on the campaign against sweatshops", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 46(31), pp.B4,2~ (2000)
- Appelbaum, R., "The campus anti-sweatshop movement", American Prospect, (46), pp.71~78 (1999)
- Arnold, D. G., "Beyond sweatshops : Positive deviancy and global labour practices", Business Ethics : A European Review, 14(3), pp.206~222 (2005)
- Bagozzi, R. P., "On the evaluation of structural equation models", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), pp.74~94 (1988)
- Ball, D., "The role of communication and trust in explaining customer loyalty", European Journal of Marketing, 38(9, pp.10) (2004), 1272~1293
- Bansal, P., "Seeing is(not)believing : Managing the impressions of the firm’s commitment to the natural environment", Journal of Business Ethics, 67(2), pp.165~180 (2006)
- Baron, R. M., "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), pp.1173~1182 (1986)
- Bayus, B. L., "Word of mouth-the indirect effects of marketing efforts", Journal of Advertising Research, 25(3), pp.31~39 (1985)
- Beck, U., "Cosmopolitanized nations : Re-imagining collectivity in world risk society. Theory", Culture & Society, 30(2), pp.3~31 (2013)
- Bhaduri, G., "Gender differences in information processing and transparency : Cases of apparel brands’ social responsibility claims", Journal of Product &Brand Management, 24(5), pp.504~517 (2015)
- Blocker, T. J., "Gender and environmentalism: Results from the 1993general social survey", Social Science Quarterly, 78(4), pp.841~858 (1997)
- Bornstein, S., "The law of gender steretotyping and the work-family conflicts of men", Hastings LJ, 63, pp.1297~ (2011)
- Brandes, L., "The value and motivating mechanism of transparency in organizations", European Economic Review, 98, pp.189~198 (2017)
- Brown, T. J., "Spreading the word : Investigating antecedents of consumers’ positive word-of-mouth intentions and behaviors in a retailing context", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(2), pp.123~138 (2005)
- Buchan, N. R., "Trust and gender : An examination of behavior and beliefs in the investment game", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68(3), pp.466~476 (2008)
- Burgess, Z., "Women board directors : Characteristics of the few", Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), pp.39~49 (2002)
- Bushman, R. M., "What determines corporate transparency?", Journal of Accounting Research, 42, pp.207~252 (2004)
- Buttle, F. A., "Word of mouth : Understanding and managing referral marketing", Journal of Strategic Marketing, 6(3), pp.241~254 (1998)
- Carrigan, M., "Shopping for a better world? An interpretive study of the potential for ethical consumption within the older market", Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), pp.401~417 (2004)
- Chaudhuri, A., "The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance : The role of brand loyalty", Journal of Marketing, 65, pp.81~93 (2001)
- Chernev, A., "Doing well by doing good : The benevolent halo of corporate social responsibility", Journal of Consumer Research, 41(6), pp.1412~1425 (2015)
- Chi, L. -C., "Do transparency and disclosure predict firm performance? Evidence from the Taiwan market", Expert Systems with Applications, 36(8), pp.11198~11203 (2009)
- Coakley, M., "The ethical and economic case for sweatshop regulation", Journal of Business Ethics, 117(3), pp.553~558 (2013)
- Conyon, M. J., "Firm performance and boardroom gender diversity : A quantile regression approach", Journal of Business Research, 79, pp.198~211 (2017)
- Creyer, E. H., "Tradeoffs between price and quality : How a value index affects", Journal of Consumer Affairs, 31(2), pp.280~302 (1997)
- Crosby, L. A., "Relationship quality in services selling : An interpersonal influence perspective", Journal of Marketing, 54(3), pp.68~ (1990)
- Dapko, J. L., "Perceived firm transparency: Scale and model development" (2012), University of South Florida
- Darke, P. R., "The defensive consumer : Advertising deception, defensive processing, and distrust", Journal of Marketing Research, 44(1), pp.114~127 (2007)
- De Matos, C. A., "Word-of-mouth communications in marketing : A meta-analytic review of the antecedents and moderators", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(4), pp.578~596 (2008)
- Delgado-Ballester, E., "Brand trust in the context of consumer loyalty", European Journal of Marketing, 35(11, pp.12) (2001), 1238~1258
- Delgado-Ballester, E., "Development and validation of a brand trust scale", International Journal of Market Research, 45(1), pp.35~54 (2003)
- C. Anthony Di Benedetto, "Corporate social responsibility as an emerging business model in fashion marketing", Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 8(4), pp.251~265 (2017), 한국마케팅과학회[DOI]
- Diamantopoulos, A., "Index construction with formative indicators : An alternative to scale development", Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), pp.269~277 (2001)
- Dietz, T., "Gender, values, and environmentalism", Social Science Quarterly, 83(1), pp.353~364 (2002)
- Dietz, T. L., "An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games : Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior", Sex Roles, 38(5), pp.425~442 (1998)
- Dittmar, H., "Thin-ideal internalization and social comparison tendency as moderators of media models’ impact on women’s body-focused anxiety", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), pp.768~791 (2004)
- Du, S., "Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility(CSR) : The role of CSR communication", International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), pp.8~19 (2010)
- Ehrich, K. R., "Willful ignorance in the request for product attribute information", Journal of Marketing Research, 42(3), pp.266~277 (2005)
- Ellen, P. S., "Building corporate associations : Consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), pp.147~157 (2006)
- Erdem, T., "Brand credibility, brand consideration, and choice", Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), pp.191~198 (2004)
- Ertz, M., "Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers : An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors", Journal of Business Research, 69(10), pp.3971~3980 (2016)
- Esch, F. -R., "Are brands forever? How brand knowledge and relationships affect current and future purchases", Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(2), pp.98~105 (2006)
- Feingold, A., "Gender differences in personality : A meta-analysis", Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), pp.429~ (1994)
- Felix, R., "I believe therefore I care : The relationship between religiosity, environmental attitudes, and green product purchase in Mexico", International Marketing Review, 33(1), pp.137~155 (2016)
- Field, A., "Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics", pp.297~321 (2013)
- Fishbein, M., "Belief. Attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research reading (pp. 6)" (1975), Addison-Wesley
- Fornell, C., "Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error : Algebra and statistics", Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), pp.382~ (1981)
- Fuchs, C., "All that is users might not be gold : How labeling products as user designed backfires in the context of luxury fashion brands", Journal of Marketing, 77(5), pp.75~91 (2013)
- Garbarino, E., "Gender differences in the perceived risk of buying online and the effects of receiving a site recommendation", Journal of Business Research, 57(7), pp.768~775 (2004)
- Godes, D., "Firm-created word-of-mouth communication : Evidence from a field test", Marketing Science, 28(4), pp.721~739 (2009)
- Groza, M. D., "Perceived organizational motives and consumer responses to proactive and reactive CSR", Journal of Business Ethics, 102(4), pp.639~652 (2011)
- Kim H.Y. Hahn, "Effect of psychological closeness on consumer attitudes toward fashion blogs: the moderating effect of fashion leadership and interpersonal LOV", Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 5(2), pp.103~121 (2014), 한국마케팅과학회[DOI]
- Hair, F. J., "Partial least squares structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM) : An emerging tool in business research", European Business Review, 26(2), pp.106~121 (2014)
- Hair, J. F., "Multivariate data analysis" (2010), Pearson
- Harrison, A., "Multinationals and anti-sweatshop activism", The American Economic Review, 100(1), pp.247~273 (2010)
- Higie, R. A., "Types and amount of word-of-mouth communications about retailers", Journal of Retailing, 63(3), pp.260~278 (1987)
- Hillenbrand, C., "Unpacking the mechanism by which corporate responsibility impacts stakeholder relationships", British Journal of Management, 24(1), pp.127~146 (2013)
- Hong, S. Y., "The influence of customer use of corporate websites : Corporate social responsibility, trust, and word-of-mouth communication", Public Relations Review, 36(4), pp.389~391 (2010)
- Hsu, C., "Flow experience and internet shopping behavior : Investigating the moderating effect of consumer characteristics", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 29(3), pp.317~332 (2012)
- Hunter, L. M., "Cross-national gender variation in environmental behaviors", Social Science Quarterly, 85(3), pp.677~694 (2004)
- Hustvedt, G., "Consumer perceptions of transparency : A scale development and validation", Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 41(3), pp.299~313 (2013)
- Hyllegard, K. H., "College students’ responses to prosocial marketing claims on apparel hang tags", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 18(3), pp.269~283 (2014)
- Jap, S. D., "Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle : Implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment", Journal of Marketing Research, 37(2), pp.227~245 (2000)
- Kang, J., "Building trust between consumers and corporations : The role of consumer perceptions of transparency and social responsibility", Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2), pp.253~265 (2014)
- Kelley, H. H., "Attribution theory and research", Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), pp.457~501 (1980)
- Kim, H. R., "Corporate social responsibility and employee-company identification", Journal of Business Ethics, 95(4), pp.557~569 (2010)
- Kim, K. H., "Increasing customer equity of luxury fashion brands through nurturing consumer attitude", Journal of Business Research, 65(10), pp.1495~1499 (2012)
- Klein, J. G., "Why we boycott : Consumer motivations for boycott participation", Journal of Marketing, 68(3), pp.92~109 (2004)
- Kline, R. B., "Handbook of methodological innovation" (2011), Sage
- Ko, E., "Luxury brand strategies and customer experiences : Contributions to theory and practice", Journal of Business Research, 69(12), pp.5749~5752 (2016)
- Kollat, J., "Achieving consumer trust on Twitter via CSR communication", Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(6), pp.505~514 (2017)
- Hyun Min Kong, "Understanding fashion consumers’ attitude and behavioral intention toward sustainable fashion products: Focus on sustainable knowledge sources and knowledge types", Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 7(2), pp.103~119 (2016), 한국마케팅과학회[DOI]
- Krishnamurthy, P., "Counterfactual thinking and advertising responses", Journal of Consumer Research, 28(4), pp.650~658 (2002)
- Lang, M., "Cross-sectional determinants of analyst ratings of corporate disclosures", Journal of Accounting Research, 31, pp.246~271 (1993)
- Lawson, K. M., "Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, pp.26~35 (2015)
- Leal, G. P. A., "Influence of virtual communities in purchasing decisions : The participants’ perspective", Journal of Business Research, 67(5), pp.882~890 (2014)
- Lee, K. H., "Consumers’ responses to CSR activities : The linkage between increased awareness and purchase intention", Public Relations Review, 36(2), pp.193~195 (2010)
- MacKenzie, S. B., "The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness : A test of competing explanations", Journal of Marketing Research, 23(2), pp.130~ (1986)
- Manik, Y., "Social life cycle assessment of palm oil biodiesel : A case study in Jambi Province of Indonesia", The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(7), pp.1386~1392 (2013)
- Martensen, A., "Tweens’ satisfaction and brand loyalty in the mobile phone market", Young Consumers, 8(2), pp.108~116 (2007)
- Maxham, J. G., III, "Firms reap what they sow : The effects of shared values and perceived organizational justice on customers’ evaluations of complaint handling", Journal of Marketing, 67(1), pp.46~62 (2003)
- McGoldrick, P. J., "Ethical product premiums: Antecedents and extent of consumers’ willingness to pay", The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 18(2), pp.185~201 (2008)
- Megicks, P., "Influences on ethical and socially responsible shopping: Evidence from the UK grocery sector", Journal of Marketing Management, 24(5–6), pp.637~659 (2008)
- Meuter, M. L., "Electronic word-of-mouth versus interpersonal word-of-mouth: Are all forms of word-of-mouth equally influential?", Services Marketing Quarterly, 34(3), pp.240~256 (2013)
- Midha, V., "Impact of consumer empowerment on online trust : An examination across genders", Decision Support Systems, 54(1), pp.198~205 (2012)
- Moisander, J., "Narratives of sustainable ways of living : Constructing the self and the other as a green consumer", Management Decision, 40(4), pp.329~342 (2002)
- Morgan, R. M., "The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing", The Journal of Marketing, 58, pp.20~38 (1994)
- Muntinga, D., "Introducing COBRAs: Exploring motivations for brand-related social media use", International Journal of Advertising, 30, pp.13~46 (2011)
- Murphy, P. E., "An ethical basis for relationship marketing: A virtue ethics perspective", European Journal of Marketing, 41(1, pp.2) (2007), 37~57
- Nan, X., "Consumer responses to corporate social responsibility(CSR)initiatives : Examining the role of brand-cause fit in cause-related marketing", Journal of Advertising, 36(2), pp.63~74 (2007)
- Noppers, E. H., "The adoption of sustainable innovations : Driven by symbolic and environmental motives", Global Environmental Change, 25(1), pp.52~62 (2014)
- Öberseder, M., "CSR practices and consumer perceptions", Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1839~1851 (2013)
- Palazón-Vidal, M., "Sales promotions effects on consumer-based brand equity", International Journal of Market Research, 47(2), pp.179~204 (2005)
- Papaoikonomou, E., "Articulating the meanings of collective experiences of ethical consumption", Journal of Business Ethics, 110(1), pp.15~32 (2012)
- Hyejune Park, "The four faces of apparel consumers: Identifying sustainable consumers for apparel", Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 8(4), pp.298~312 (2017), 한국마케팅과학회[DOI]
- Pecheux, C., "Children and attitude toward the brand : A new measurement scale", Journal of Advertising Research, 39(4), pp.19~ (1999)
- Phau, I., "Consumer attitudes towards luxury fashion apparel made in sweatshops", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 19(2), pp.169~187 (2015)
- Pookulangara, S., "Slow fashion movement : Understanding consumer perceptions – An exploratory study", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(2), pp.200~206 (2013)
- Poortinga, W., "Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior : A study into household energy use", Environment & Behavior, 36(1), pp.70~93 (2004)
- Post, C., "Women on boards and firm financial performance : A meta-analysis", Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), pp.1546~1571 (2015)
- Preacher, K. J., "Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses : Theory, methods, and prescriptions", Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), pp.185~227 (2007)
- "SC Johnson Welcomes P&G, Unilever, RB to Fragrance Transparency Movement" (2017)[URL]
- Ramkumar, V., "Transparency and environmental governance" (2007), Columbia University Press
- Ratten, V., "Gender entrepreneurship and global marketing", Journal of Global Marketing, 30(3), pp.114~121 (2017)
- Reed, P. M., "Water resources management : The myth, the wicked, and the future", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(6), pp.411~413 (2009)
- Reilly, A., "Linking dress and the public, private and secret self model to coming out", Critical Studies in Men’s Fashion, 3(1), pp.7~15 (2016)
- Marko Reimer, "Unpacking Functional Experience Complementarities in Senior Leaders’ Influences on CSR Strategy: A CEO–Top Management Team Approach", Journal of Business Ethics, 151(4), pp.977~995 (2018), Springer Nature[DOI]
- Reinecke, J., "Taming wicked problems : The role of framing in the construction of corporate social responsibility", Journal of Management Studies, 53(3), pp.299~329 (2016)
- Reynolds, M., "Moral discourse and corporate social responsibility reporting", Journal of Business Ethics, 78(1–2), pp.47~64 (2008)
- Riedl, R., "Are there neural gender differences in online trust? An fMRI study on the perceived trustworthiness of eBay offers", Mis Quarterly, 34(2), pp.397~428 (2010)
- Roberts, J. A., "Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior", Journal of Business Research, 40(1), pp.79~89 (1997)
- Rodgers, S., "Gender and E-commerce : An exploratory study", Journal of Advertising Research, 43(3), pp.322~329 (2003)
- Roper, E. A., "Women working in the applied domain : Examining the gender bias in applied sport psychology", Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(1), pp.53~66 (2002)
- Rosen, E. I., "Making sweatshops: The globalization of the US apparel industry" (2002), University of California Press
- Scannell, L., "Personally relevant climate change : The role of place attachment and local versus global message framing in engagement", Environment and Behavior, 45(1), pp.60~85 (2013)
- Sen, S., "Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility", Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), pp.225~243 (2001)
- Sengupta, J., "The effect of analyzing reasons on the stability of brand attitudes : A reconciliation of opposing predictions", Journal of Consumer Research, 31(3), pp.705~711 (2004)
- Shaw, D., "International Retail Marketing: A Case Study Approach" (2004), Butterworth-Heinemann
- Shen, B., "The impact of ethical fashion on consumer purchase behavior", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management : An International Journal, 16(2), pp.234~245 (2012)
- Shu Chuan, C., "Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth(eWOM)in social networking sites", International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), pp.47~75 (2011)
- Simonin, B. L., "Is a company known by the company it keeps? Assessing the spillover effects of brand alliances on consumer brand attitudes", Journal of Marketing Research, 35(1), pp.30~ (1998)
- Skarmeas, D., "When consumers doubt, Watch out! The role of CSR skepticism", Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1831~1838 (2013)
- Snyder, J., "Exploitation and sweatshop labor : Perspectives and issues", Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(2), pp.187~213 (2015)
- Speed, R., "Determinants of sports sponsorship response", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), pp.226~238 (2000)
- Stanaland, A. J. S., "Consumer perceptions of the antecedents and consequences of corporate social responsibility", Journal of Business Ethics, 102(1), pp.47~55 (2011)
- Stern, P. C., "New environmental theories : Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior", Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), pp.407~424 (2000)
- Strapko, N., "Gender differences in environmental concern : Reevaluating gender socialization", Society & Natural Resources, 29(9), pp.1015~1031 (2016)
- Sweetin, V. H., "Willingness-to-punish the corporate brand for corporate social irresponsibility", Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1822~1830 (2013)
- Taplin, I. M., "Who is to blame? A re-examination of fast fashion after the 2013 factory disaster in Bangladesh", Critical Perspectives on International Business, 10(1, pp.2) (2014), 72~83
- Thøger Christensen, L., "Corporate communication : The challenge of transparency", Corporate Communications : An International Journal, 7(3), pp.162~168 (2002)
- Tian, Z., "Consumer responses to corporate social responsibility(CSR)in China", Journal of Business Ethics, 101(2), pp.197~212 (2011)
- Tikka, P. M., "Effects of educational background on students’ attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment", The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), pp.12~19 (2000)
- Till, B. D., "The match-up hypothesis: Physical attractiveness, expertise, and the role of fit on brand attitude, purchase intent and brand beliefs", Journal of Advertising, 29(3), pp.X~13 (2000)
- Tindall, D. B., "Activism and conservation behavior in an environmental movement : The contradictory effects of gender", Society & Natural Resources, 16(10), pp.909~932 (2003)
- Vaccaro, A., "Corporate transparency and green management", Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), pp.487~506 (2010)
- Vanhamme, J., "“too good to be true!”. The effectiveness of CSR history in countering negative publicity", Journal of Business Ethics, 85(SUPPL. 2), pp.273~283 (2009)
- "Two million people supported Fashion Revolution Week" (2017)[URL]
- Waddock, S., "Total responsibility management: The manual" (2007), Greenleaf Publishing
- Willmott, M., "Citizen brands : Corporate citizenship, trust and branding", The Journal of Brand Management, 10(4), pp.362~369 (2003)
- Wongpitch, S., "Effect of corporate social responsibility motives on purchase intention model : An extension", Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37(1), pp.30~37 (2016)
- Xiao, C., "Validating a comprehensive model of environmental concern cross-nationally : A US-Canadian comparison", Social Science Quarterly, 88(2), pp.471~493 (2007)
- Xiao, C., "Explaining gender differences in concern about environmental problems in the United States", Society & Natural Resources, 25(11), pp.1067~1084 (2012)
- Yang, H. D., "It’s all about attitude : Revisiting the technology acceptance model", Decision Support Systems, 38(1), pp.19~31 (2004)
- Yang, S. -U., "Effects of narratives, openness to dialogic communication, and credibility on engagement in crisis communication through organizational blogs", Communication Research, 37(4), pp.473~497 (2010)
- Zelezny, L. C., "New ways of thinking about environmentalism : Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism", Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), pp.443~457 (2000)
