中國 歷代 職貢圖의 韓人圖像과 그 인식

Abstract

This thesis aims to have a general idea of Chinese recognition to the Korean race in the existing Chinese Zhigong-tu including Zhigong tu of Liang. Zhigong-tu of Liang (梁職貢圖) is copied in Song Dynasty, that is depicted envoys who paid a tribute from 20 countries to Emperor Wu (r. 502–549) of Liang by Xiao Yi(who later became Emperor Yuan) in about 541. Fankeruchao-tu (蕃客入朝圖), which described envoys tribute to Emperor Wu of Liang, copied by Gu Dequian of Nan tang. And Wanghui-tu (王會圖) is painted the tributaries of Emperor Taizong, that is petitioned by the prime minister Yan Shigu of Tang Dynasty. China of Liang and Tang showed off their position as the powerful nations in these Chinese Zhigong-tu. The above works are contained three envoys of the Three Kingdoms of Korea who tribute emperors of Liang and Tang Dynasty. Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla are defined as Eastern barbarians in explanatory diagrams of envoys and the books of Liang and Tang. Goguryeo is described as a plunderer and warlike race and Silla is subject country of Baekje at that time. Goryeo Dynasty is divided into the second country among 28 foreign countries in the book of Song Dynasty. There is no Zhigong-tu painted in Song Dynasty at the national level, however Goryeo person depicted privately figures of encyclopedia such as Sanchai-tuhui (三才圖會), Wanbao-qianshu (萬寶全書). The explanatory diagrams of Goryeo person is described that the custom of Goryeo is genial and benevolent. The positive recognition came on the back of the stable international order between Goryeo and Song Dynasty. Joseon Dynasty is divided into the first country among 54 foreign countries in the book of Ming Dynasty. Joseon envoys on Zhuyizhigong-tu (諸夷職貢圖) by Qui Ying (仇英) of Ming Dynasty are under the flag of Joseon and they put on clothes of Northern minority races. This work is not according to fact, but based on the Zhuyizhigong-tu by Zhao Baiju (趙伯駒) of Song Dynasty, and add the name of country on the flags on which the start of tributary parade holding. The image of Joseon procession in Zhuyi Zhigong-tu by Qui Ying in Ming Dynasty described as uncivilized people. Huangqing Zhigong-tu (皇淸職貢圖) is the picture of tributary countries and subordinated peoples during the Qianlong reign (1736-1795) of the Qing dynasty. These images and explanations written by Manchu and Chinese described the prosperity during the Qing Dynasty, as well as the various customs of tributary countries and all ethnic minorities. Four hand scrolls copied by Xie Sui are good references for the original. Joseon people are the first picture to appear in the Huangqing Zhigong-tu, and they are depicted the people influenced by the Confucian culture. Wanguo Laichao-tu (萬國來朝圖) described vividly many envoys, including Joseon envoy, getting tributes to present for Qianlong Emperor and the Emperor’s honor guards displayed in Qing Imperial Palace. There is a little different from the real diplomatic ceremony of zhaohui (朝會) on the images, but Wanguo Laichao-tu show a reflection of the time of peace and the great power during the Qianlong Emperor’s reign. Meanwhile, the recognition of Joseon literati of Chinese Zhigong-tu focused on Wanghui-tu (王會圖) in Tang Dynasty. That is the main subject of literati’s anthologies and the court painters. When Joseon was invaded by Western powers, literati recognized Wanghui-tu as a symbol of Chinese cultural area in the end of the 19th century.