Indigenous Fungivorous Nematodes Affect the Biocontrol Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum through Reducing the Hyphal Density
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Indigenous fungus-feeding nematodes may adversely affect the growth and activity of introduced biocontrol fungi. Alginate pellets of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum ThzID1-M3 and sclerotia of the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were added to nonsterile soil at a soil water potential of -50 or -1,000 kPa. The biomass of ThzID1-M3, nematode populations, and extent of colonization of sclerotia by ThzID1-M3 were monitored over time. The presence of ThzID1-M3 increased the nematode population under both moisture regimes (p < 0.05), and fungivores comprised 69–75% of the nematode population. By day 5, the biomass of ThzID1-M3b and its colonization of sclerotia increased and were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98), followed by a rapid reduction, under both regimes. At -50 kPa (the wetter of the two environments), fungal biomass and colonization by ThzID1-M3 were less, in the period from 5 to 20 days, while fungivores were more abundant. These results indicate that ThzID1-M3 stimulated the population growth of fungivorous nematodes, which in turn, reduced the biocontrol ability of the fungus to mycoparasitize sclerotia. However, colonization incidence reached 100% by day 5 and remained so for the experimental period under both regimes, although hyphal fragments disappeared by day 20. Our results suggest that indigenous fungivores are an important constraint for the biocontrol activity of introduced fungi, and sclerotia can provide spatial refuge for biocontrol fungi from the feeding activity of fungivorous nematodes.
Abstract
Indigenous fungus-feeding nematodes may adversely affect the growth and activity of introduced biocontrol fungi. Alginate pellets of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum ThzID1-M3 and sclerotia of the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were added to nonsterile soil at a soil water potential of -50 or -1,000 kPa. The biomass of ThzID1-M3, nematode populations, and extent of colonization of sclerotia by ThzID1-M3 were monitored over time. The presence of ThzID1-M3 increased the nematode population under both moisture regimes (p < 0.05), and fungivores comprised 69–75% of the nematode population. By day 5, the biomass of ThzID1-M3b and its colonization of sclerotia increased and were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.98), followed by a rapid reduction, under both regimes. At -50 kPa (the wetter of the two environments), fungal biomass and colonization by ThzID1-M3 were less, in the period from 5 to 20 days, while fungivores were more abundant. These results indicate that ThzID1-M3 stimulated the population growth of fungivorous nematodes, which in turn, reduced the biocontrol ability of the fungus to mycoparasitize sclerotia. However, colonization incidence reached 100% by day 5 and remained so for the experimental period under both regimes, although hyphal fragments disappeared by day 20. Our results suggest that indigenous fungivores are an important constraint for the biocontrol activity of introduced fungi, and sclerotia can provide spatial refuge for biocontrol fungi from the feeding activity of fungivorous nematodes.
참고문헌 (41)
- Adams PB, "Ecology of Sclerotinia species", Phytopathology, 69, pp.896~899 (1979)
- Purdy LH, "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum : History, diseases and symptomatology, host range, geographic distribution, and impact", Phytopathology, 69, pp.875~880 (1979)
- Cook GE, "Survival of Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and initial infection of dry edible beans in western Nebraska", Phytopathology, 65, pp.250~255 (1975)
- Anas O, "Recovery of fungi and arthropods from sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Quebec muck soils", Phytopathology, 77, pp.327~331 (1987)
- Knudsen GR, "Potential for biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma harzianum", Plant Dis, 75, pp.446~470 (1991)
- Dandurand LM, "Combined effects of Brassica napus seed meal and Trichoderma harzianum on two soilborne plant pathogens", Can. J. Microbiol, 46, pp.1051~1057 (2000)
- Zeng W, "Use of Coniothyrium minitans and other microorganisms for reducing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum", Biol. Control, 60, pp.225~232 (2012)
- Freckman DW, "The ecology of nematodes in agroecosystem", Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 23, pp.275~296 (1985)
- Neher DA, "Ecology of plant and free-living nematodes in natural and agricultural soil", Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 48, pp.371~394 (2010)
- Hasna MK, "Food attraction and population growth of fungivorous nematodes with different fungi", Ann. Appl. Biol, 151, pp.175~182 (2007)
- Haraguchi S, "Potential of the fungal feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae to control fungi and the plant parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor associated with garlic", Biol. Control, 143, pp.104203~ (2020)
- Chen J, "The effects of nematode grazing on nitrogen mineralization during fungal decomposition of organic matter", Soil Biol. Biochem, 31, pp.1265~1279 (1999)
- Ingham RE, "Interactions of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers : effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth", Ecol. Monogr, 55, pp.119~140 (1985)
- Bae Y-S, "Influence of a fungus-feeding nematode on growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum", Phytopathology, 91, pp.301~306 (2001)
- 김태관, "Differential Selection by Nematodes of an Introduced Biocontrol Fungus vs. Indigenous Fungi in Nonsterile Soil", Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 28(5), pp.831~838 (2018), 한국미생물·생명공학회
- Danielson RM, "Non nutritional factors affecting the growth of Trichoderma in culture", Soil Biol. Biochem, 5, pp.495~504 (1973)
- Bakonyi G, "Soil nematode community structure as affected by temperature and moisture in a temperate semiarid shrubland", Appl. Soil Ecol, 37, pp.31~40 (2007)
- Freckman DW, "Membranes, metabolism, and dry organisms", pp.157~168 (1986), Cornell University Press
- Steinberger Y, "Response by soil nematode populations and the soil microbial biomass to a rain episode in the hot, dry Negev desert", Biol. Fert. Soils, 16, pp.188~192 (1993)
- Ekschmitt K, "Soil biodiversity and its implications for ecosystem functioning in a heterogeneous and variable environment", Appl. Soil Ecol, 10, pp.201~215 (1998)
- Demeure Y, "Anhydrobiotic coiling of nematodes in soil", J. Nematol, 11, pp.189~195 (1979)
- Jin X, "Conidial biomass and dessication tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum produced at different medium water potential", Biol. Control, 1, pp.237~243 (1991)
- Eastburn DM, "Effects of soil moisture and temperature on the saprophytic ability of Trichoderma harzianum", Mycologia, 83, pp.257~263 (1991)
- Magan N, "Effects of water potential and temperature on spore germination and germ-tube growth in vitro and on straw leaf sheat", Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc, 90, pp.97~107 (1988)
- Magan N, "Water potential, growth and cellulolysis of fungi involved in decompostition of cereal residues", J. Gen. Microbiol, 132, pp.1181~1187 (1986)
- Kredics L, "Influence of water potential on growth, enzyme secretion and in vitro enzyme activities of Trichoderma harzianum at different temperatures", Curr. Microbiol, 40, pp.310~314 (2000)
- Lupo S, "Ecophysiology and saprophytic ability of Trichoderma spp", Cryptogamie Mycol, 23, pp.71~80 (2002)
- Knudsen GR, "Effects of temperature, soil moisture, and wheat bran on growth of Trichoderma harzianum from alginate pellets", Phytopathology, 80, pp.724~727 (1990)
- Bae YS, "Effect of sclerotial distribution pattern of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum", Appl. Soil Ecol, 35, pp.21~ (2007)
- Bae Y-S, "Cotransformation of Trichoderma harzianum with β-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein genes provides a useful tool for monitoring fungal growth and activity in natural soil", Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66, pp.810~815 (2000)
- Orr KA, "Use of green fluorescent protein and image analysis to quantify proliferation of Trichoderma harzianum in nonsterile soil", Phytopathology, 94, pp.1383~1389 (2004)
- Kim TG, "Relationship between the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum and the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi", Appl. Soil Ecol, 68, pp.57~60 (2013)
- Papavizas GC, "Survival of Trichoderma harzianum in soil and in pea and bean rhizospheres", Phytopathology, 71, pp.121~125 (1981)
- Huang HC, "Histology, amino acid leakage, and chemical composition of normal and abnormal sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum", Can. J. Botany, 61, pp.1443~1447 (1983)
- Huang HC, "Factors affecting myceliogenic germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum", Phytopathology, 75, pp.433~437 (1985)
- Lockwood JL, "Advances in Microbial Ecology", pp.1~61 (1981), Plenum Press
- Kim TG, "Comparison of real-time PCR and microscopy to evaluate sclerotial colonisation by a biocontrol fungus", Fungal Biol, 115, pp.317~325 (2011)
- Sarrocco S, "Histopathological studies of sclerotia of phytopathogenic fungi parasitized by a GFP transformed Trichoderma virens antagonistic strain", Mycol. Res, 110, pp.179~187 (2006)
- Bae YS, "Soil microbial biomass influence on growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum", Biol. Control, 32, pp.236~242 (2005)
- Clarholm M, "Biological aspects of nitrogen mineralization in humus from a pine forest podsol incubated under different moisture and temperature conditions", Oikos, 37, pp.137~145 (1981)
- Sohlenius B, "Influence of climatic conditions on nematode coexistence : a laboratory experiment with a coniferous forest soil", Oikos, 44, pp.430~438 (1985)