Distribution Analysis of Candida albicans according to Sex and Age in Clinical Specimen Testing for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The prevalence of candidiasis, a contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality, has sharply increased globally over the last two decades. Candida albicans can cause serious infections in patients with weak immunity and in recipients of prolonged antibiotic treatment. Consequently, rapid and accurate identification of species can play an important role in the treatment of candidiasis. Here, we investigated the positive rate and infection trend of C. albicans according to age, specimen type, and sex using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction-based testing of samples collected for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in Korea between 2018 and 2020. When the type of specimen collected was a swab, the positive rate of C. albicans was higher among younger women, and tended to decrease with age. Analysis of swab samples revealed higher positive rates than urinalysis. The reduction trend in positive rates by age was comparable between the overall samples and urine specimens. Among male patients, the positive rate did not differ substantially across the various types of specimens collected. Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of non-albicans Candida species than C. albicans in clinical specimens, and exclusion of the former from our analysis may be a limitation of this study. However, our findings contribute significantly to the literature because globally, there is a paucity of epidemiological studies using molecular techniques to detect C. albicans in sexually transmitted disease test samples.
Abstract
The prevalence of candidiasis, a contagious disease with high morbidity and mortality, has sharply increased globally over the last two decades. Candida albicans can cause serious infections in patients with weak immunity and in recipients of prolonged antibiotic treatment. Consequently, rapid and accurate identification of species can play an important role in the treatment of candidiasis. Here, we investigated the positive rate and infection trend of C. albicans according to age, specimen type, and sex using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction-based testing of samples collected for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in Korea between 2018 and 2020. When the type of specimen collected was a swab, the positive rate of C. albicans was higher among younger women, and tended to decrease with age. Analysis of swab samples revealed higher positive rates than urinalysis. The reduction trend in positive rates by age was comparable between the overall samples and urine specimens. Among male patients, the positive rate did not differ substantially across the various types of specimens collected. Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of non-albicans Candida species than C. albicans in clinical specimens, and exclusion of the former from our analysis may be a limitation of this study. However, our findings contribute significantly to the literature because globally, there is a paucity of epidemiological studies using molecular techniques to detect C. albicans in sexually transmitted disease test samples.
참고문헌 (24)
- Talapko J, "Candida albicans—the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection", J. Fungi, 7, pp.79~ (2021)
- Wisplinghoff H, "Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study", Clin. Infect. Dis, 39, pp.309~317 (2004)
- Idelevich EA, "Rapid identification and susceptibility testing of Candida spp. from positive blood cultures by combination of direct MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and direct inoculation of Vitek 2", PLoS One, 9, pp.e114834~ (2014)
- Buder S, "Braun-Falco´s Dermatology", pp.1~8 (2020), Springer Germany
- Bukhary Z, "Candiduria: a review of clinical significance and management", Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl, 19, pp.350~360 (2008)
- Kao AS, "The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities: results of a population-based active surveillance", Clin. Infect. Dis, 29, pp.1164~1170 (1999)
- Wey SB, "Hospital-acquired candidemia. The attributable mortality and excess length of stay", Arch. Intern. Med, 148, pp.2642~2645 (1988)
- 김가연, "Isolation Frequency Characteristics of Candida Species from Clinical Specimens", Mycobiology, 44(2), pp.99~104 (2016), 한국균학회
- Zeng X, "Risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in Xi'an: A cross-sectional study", Biomed. Res. Int, 2018, pp.9703754~ (2018)
- Holland J, "Vulvovaginal carriage of yeasts other than Candida albicans", Sex. Transm. Infect, 79, pp.249~250 (2003)
- Gottfredsson M, "Molecular methods for epidemiological and diagnostic studies of fungal infections", Pathology, 30, pp.405~418 (1998)
- Sullivan DJ, "Molecular genetic approaches to identification, epidemiology and taxonomy of non-albicans Candida species", J. Med. Microbiol, 44, pp.399~408 (1996)
- Pujol C, "Parity among the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and Southern blot hybridization with the moderately repetitive DNA probe Ca3 for fingerprinting Candida albicans", J. Clin. Microbiol, 35, pp.2348~2358 (1997)
- Shin JH, "Nosocomial cluster of Candida lipolytica fungemia in pediatric patients", Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 19, pp.344~349 (2000)
- Alhussaini MS, "Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Candida species in urine samples from renal failure patients", Sci. J. Clin. Med, 2, pp.14~25 (2013)
- Kauffman CA, "Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group", Clin. Infect. Dis, 30, pp.14~18 (2000)
- Lal S, "Determination of predisposing factors in developing Candida albicans associated urinary tract infection and antifungal sensitivity profile", J. Pharm. Res Int, 33, pp.40~49 (2021)
- Jain M, "Candiduria in catheterized intensive care unit patients:emerging microbiological trends", Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol, 54, pp.552~555 (2011)
- Mohammed TK, "Isolation and identification of Candida albicans in different clinical samples", Al-Nisour J. Med. Sci, 1, pp.85~97 (2019)
- Marak MB, "Antifungal susceptibility and biofilm production of Candida spp. isolated from clinical samples", Int. J. Microbiol, 2018, pp.7495218~ (2018)
- Ghasemi R, "Candiduria: prevalence, identification of isolated Candida species and trends in antifungal susceptibility in hospitalized patients", Nov. Biomed, 8, pp.71~76 (2020)
- Jeon JS, "Analysis of the distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida isolated from human blood culture", AMJ, 12, pp.90~97 (2019)
- Espinosa-Hernández VM, "Skin infections caused by emerging Candida species", Curr. Fung. Infect. Rep, 14, pp.99~105 (2020)
- Avcioglu F, "Investigation of a healthcare-associated candida infections in a Turkish intensive care unit: risk factors, therapy and clinical outcome", Exp. Biomed. Res, 4, pp.9~15 (2021)