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인공지능 의료서비스의 환자 순응도에 관한 연구: 신체적 위험의 조절효과와 신뢰의 매개효과를 중심으로

A Study on Patient Compliance with Medical Artificial Intelligence: The Moderating Role of Physical Risks with Trust as a Mediating Role

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주제분류경제학

초록

최근 의료계에서 인공지능 기술의 도입 사례가 증가하고 있다. 많은 의료기관들이 의사의 경험과 지식에 의존해 왔던 기존 의료서비스의 패러다임에서 벗어나 환자 모니터링, 임상사례 분석, 진단, 처방 및 수술에 인공지능 기술을 활용하고 있다. 그러나 의료소비자의 입장에서 인공지능이 제공하는 의료서비스에 대한 수용 의도를 조명한 연구는 극히 제한적이다. 이에 본 연구는 의료서비스 제공자 유형에 따른 환자 순응도 차이와 기저 원인을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 구체적으로 의료서비스 제공자가 인공지능인 경우와 인간 의사인 경우로 구분하여, 환자 건강 상태의 심각성이나 의료서비스가 신체에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적 위험인 신체적 위험 정도에 따라 의료 서비스에 대한 환자의 순응 의도에 어떠한 차이가 왜 발현되는지를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 심혈관 질환 시나리오를 가정한 실험1을 통해 의료서비스 제공자가 인공지능인 경우 인간 의사인 경우보다 환자의 순응도가 낮게 나타나며, 의료서비스 제공자에 대한 환자의 신뢰가 이러한 효과를 매개함을 밝혔다. 실험2에서는 통증이 심한 환자가 수술치료를 처방받는 경우와 같이 신체적 위험이 높은 경우, 인간 의사에 비해 인공지능에 대한 환자의 순응도가 낮음을 보였으며, 통증이 낮은 환자가 약물 치료를 처방받는 경우와 같이 신체적 위험이 낮은 경우에는 의료서비스 제공자 유형에 따른 환자 순응도 차이가 유의하지 않음을 밝혔다. 마지막으로 실험3에서는 의료서비스 제공자 유형과 신체적 위험의 상호작용이 환자 순응도에 미치는 영향은 의료서비스 제공자에 대한 소비자의 신뢰가 매개함을 보였다. 본 연구는 의료서비스 제공자 유형이 환자 순응도에 미치는 영향을 다각적으로 고찰함으로써, 인공지능을 활용한 의료서비스의 효과적 활용 조건을 발견하여 의료계에 시사점을 제공하고 의료소비자 복지를 증진시키는 데 의의가 있다.

Abstract

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field is gradually increasing with the rapid advancement of technology. Departing from the previous paradigm that relied on the experience and knowledge of physicians, many hospitals have implemented AI technology to accurately monitor patients and assist physicians through the use of big data in healthcare. This study was conducted to explore how and why consumers’ intention to comply with medical prescriptions differs when it is provided by an AI-powered software versus a human physician. Specifically, we classified the level of physical risk patients could encounter into two categories, high and low. Then we investigated the effects of medical providers' type (human physician versus AI-powered software) on patient compliance under the two different levels of potential physical risk. In Experiment 1, assuming a cardiovascular disease scenario, it is revealed that patient compliance was lower when the medical service provider was an AI-powered software rather than a human physician, which was mediated by patients’ trust. In Experiment 2, it was confirmed that patients’ inhibition from complying with AI-powered software occurs equally in other diseases (e.g., spinal disc herniation). In addition, the interaction between the patients’ physical risks and the medical service provider was identified. When the physical risk is high, patients' compliance with AI-powered software (vs. human physician) was lower. Yet, when the physical risk is low, the type of medical service provider did not significantly affect patient compliance, which indicates an interaction effect. In Experiment 3, the interaction between physical risk and the types of medical service provider was confirmed repeatedly, which was revealed to be mediated by trust. This study investigated the relationships among key variables that affect patient compliance in the context of healthcare service from multiple perspectives. Thus, this study provides practical implications for medical institutions and healthcare service providers in regards to when and how to utilize medical AI.

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