취침 전 저농도의 이산화탄소 가스 노출이 불면에 미치는 영향
Effects of Low-Concentration Carbon Dioxide Exposure at Bedtime on Sleep in Adults With Insomnia Symptoms
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Objectives: Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) accumulation in an enclosed space might cause drowsiness. This study aimed to assess the effect of bedtime exposure to low concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> gas on the sleep quality of adults with insomnia.Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled cross-over study, we consecutively recruited 24 adults (9 men; age, 55.4±6.3 y) complaining of sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥5). The following two interventions were used in the study: exposure to 2% low-concentration edible CO<sub>2</sub> gas (experimental intervention) and exposure to room air (sham-controlled intervention). A sleep air device (Gosleep<sup>®</sup>, NYX), which atomizes CO<sub>2</sub> gas, was used in both experimental and sham-controlled interventions. For the sham session, room air was generated for 18 min, and then, gradually reduced by degrees in the next 5 min with the device finally being turned off.Results: The group exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> gas had longer time in bed (361.3±55.2 min vs. 347.2±35.7 min, <i>p</i>=0.034) and total sleep time (311.0±74.3 min vs. 287.2±69.4 min, <i>p</i>=0.010) than the group exposed to room air. Meanwhile, the total arousal (19.7±9.5/h vs. 24.0±13.7/h, <i>p</i>=0.011) and non-REM arousal (20.9±11.3/h vs. 25.1±14.9/h, <i>p</i>=0.008) indices were lower in the group exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> gas than in the group exposed to room air. However, perceived total sleep time or sleep latency and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores were not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion: Exposure to low concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> improved the total sleep time and arousal index in adults with insomnia. Unexpectedly, CO<sub>2</sub> administration was found to be effective for sleep maintenance.
Abstract
Objectives: Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) accumulation in an enclosed space might cause drowsiness. This study aimed to assess the effect of bedtime exposure to low concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> gas on the sleep quality of adults with insomnia.Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled cross-over study, we consecutively recruited 24 adults (9 men; age, 55.4±6.3 y) complaining of sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥5). The following two interventions were used in the study: exposure to 2% low-concentration edible CO<sub>2</sub> gas (experimental intervention) and exposure to room air (sham-controlled intervention). A sleep air device (Gosleep<sup>®</sup>, NYX), which atomizes CO<sub>2</sub> gas, was used in both experimental and sham-controlled interventions. For the sham session, room air was generated for 18 min, and then, gradually reduced by degrees in the next 5 min with the device finally being turned off.Results: The group exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> gas had longer time in bed (361.3±55.2 min vs. 347.2±35.7 min, <i>p</i>=0.034) and total sleep time (311.0±74.3 min vs. 287.2±69.4 min, <i>p</i>=0.010) than the group exposed to room air. Meanwhile, the total arousal (19.7±9.5/h vs. 24.0±13.7/h, <i>p</i>=0.011) and non-REM arousal (20.9±11.3/h vs. 25.1±14.9/h, <i>p</i>=0.008) indices were lower in the group exposed to CO<sub>2</sub> gas than in the group exposed to room air. However, perceived total sleep time or sleep latency and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores were not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion: Exposure to low concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> improved the total sleep time and arousal index in adults with insomnia. Unexpectedly, CO<sub>2</sub> administration was found to be effective for sleep maintenance.
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