A Review of Implementation of Policy Instruments on Forests Fire in Nepal
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Forest fire is one of the major disasters occurring in Nepal causing huge loss to the ecosystem, people and economy. They are mainly caused due to different anthropogenic activities. In Nepal, the forest fires occur during the dry season mainly from March to May. Nepal has roughly 29.5 percent forest area that are prone to forest fires and it is estimated that about 375 thousand hectares of forest were burned over one and half decade from 2000-2014. The forest fire risk is higher in the Terai and Siwalik regions than in any other region. To prevent and mitigate the forests fire incidences, the Government of Nepal has formulated and executed different policy instruments. In this regard, this paper aims to review the implementation of policies, strategies, Acts and regulations related to forest fire management at different levels of governance. Although federal and provincial governments’ different policy instruments have considered forest fire and its management, these are not effectively implemented. It is not prioritized in terms of resource allocation, institutional capacity building, disaster preparedness and early warning. In addition, there are unclear and overlapping roles and responsibilities among three tiers of governments to effectively implement the policy provisions. Considering the consequences of the forest fire, governments at different levels need to devise an effective mechanism involving all stakeholders for implementing preventive and curative activities, strengthen institutions and build the capacity of human resources, and increase the level of resource allocation to implement the provisions of various legal and policy instruments.
Abstract
Forest fire is one of the major disasters occurring in Nepal causing huge loss to the ecosystem, people and economy. They are mainly caused due to different anthropogenic activities. In Nepal, the forest fires occur during the dry season mainly from March to May. Nepal has roughly 29.5 percent forest area that are prone to forest fires and it is estimated that about 375 thousand hectares of forest were burned over one and half decade from 2000-2014. The forest fire risk is higher in the Terai and Siwalik regions than in any other region. To prevent and mitigate the forests fire incidences, the Government of Nepal has formulated and executed different policy instruments. In this regard, this paper aims to review the implementation of policies, strategies, Acts and regulations related to forest fire management at different levels of governance. Although federal and provincial governments’ different policy instruments have considered forest fire and its management, these are not effectively implemented. It is not prioritized in terms of resource allocation, institutional capacity building, disaster preparedness and early warning. In addition, there are unclear and overlapping roles and responsibilities among three tiers of governments to effectively implement the policy provisions. Considering the consequences of the forest fire, governments at different levels need to devise an effective mechanism involving all stakeholders for implementing preventive and curative activities, strengthen institutions and build the capacity of human resources, and increase the level of resource allocation to implement the provisions of various legal and policy instruments.
참고문헌 (56)
- Acharya K, "The way forward for community forestry in Nepal : analysis of performance against national forestry goals", Forests, 13, pp.726~ (2022)
- Agbeshie AA, "A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties", J For Res, 33, pp.1419~1441 (2022)
- Alexander DE, "A survey of the field of hazard and disaster studies", J Civ Eng Archit, 7, pp.841~853 (2013)
- Ascoli D, "Fire-smart solutions for sustainable wildfire risk prevention : bottom-up initiatives meet top-down policies under EU green deal", Int J Disaster Risk Reduct, 92, pp.103715~ (2023)
- Bhujel KB, "Fire drivers affecting forest fire occurrences in the tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of Nepal", Appl Environ Res, 43, pp.84~99 (2021)
- Bhujel KB, "Wildfire dynamics in Nepal from 2000-2016", Nepal J Environ Sci, 5, pp.1~8 (2017)
- Bhujel KB, "Temporal and spatial distribution of forest fires and their environmental and socio-economic implications in Nepal", J For Livelihood, 21, pp.1~13 (2022)
- Bhusal S, "Forest fire occurrence, distribution and future risks in Arghakhanchi district, Nepal", Int J Geogr Geol Environ, 2, pp.10~20 (2020)
- Bowman DMJS, "Fire in the earth system", Science, 324, pp.481~484 (2009)
- Carta F, "Advancements in forest fire prevention : a comprehensive survey", Sensors, 23, pp.6635~ (2023)
- Chaudhary RP, "Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters", pp.335~372 (2016), Academic Press
- "Nepal battles worst forest fires in years as air quality drops" (2021)[URL]
- Species conservation plan, "Department of Forest and Soil Conservation (DoFSC)", Department of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, ~ (2021)
- Department of Forest Research and Survey, "State of Nepal’s forests. Forest Resource Assessment Nepal Project", Government of Nepal, ~ (2015)
- Elvan OD, "Forest fire and law : an analysis of Turkish forest fire legislation based on Food and Agriculture Organization criteria", Fire Ecol, 17, pp.1~15 (2021)
- Estes BL, "Factors influencing fire severity under moderate burning conditions in the Klamath Mountains, Northern California, USA", Ecosphere, 8, pp.e01794~ (2017)
- Flannigan MD, "Future area burned in Canada", Clim Change, 72, pp.1~16 (2005)
- "Regional South Asia wildland fire network-meetings" (2017)[URL]
- "Forest fire management strategy 2010" (2010)[URL]
- Government of Nepal, "Nepal’s third national communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)", ~ (2021)
- Government of Nepal, "A predictive model of burn severity based on 20-year satellite-inferred burn severity data in a large southwestern US wilderness area", For Ecol Manag, 258, pp.2399~2406 (2009)
- "Forest fire detection and monitoring in Nepal" (2019)[URL]
- Khanal S, "Wildfire trends in Nepal based on MODIS burnt-area data", Banko Janakari, 25, pp.76~79 (2015)
- Koirala PN, "Forest fire in high altitude : managed locally for protection of community households and forest in Nepal", Advanced human resource management course (2016), Nepal Administrative Staff College
- Krah CY, "Refocusing on community-based fire management (a review)", IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 504 (2019)
- Kunwar R, "Forest fire in the Terai, Nepal-causes and community management interventions", Int For Fire News, 34, pp.46~54 (2006)
- Laudari HK, "Community forestry in a changing context : a perspective from Nepal’s mid-hill", Land Use Policy, 138, pp.107018~ (2024)
- Mathema P, "Forest fire and its management strategies in Nepal", Banko Janakari, 23, pp.1~2 (2016)
- Matin MA, "Understanding forest fire patterns and risk in Nepal using remote sensing, geographic information system and historical fire data", Int J Wildland Fire, 26, pp.276~286 (2017)
- "Voluntary national report to UNFF" (2019)[URL]
- Forestry sector strategy (2016-2025), "Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC)", Government of Nepal, ~ (2016)
- Najicha FU, "Regulation of law enforcement in prevention and handling of fire forests in environmental hazards", Medico-Legal Update, 21, pp.259~262 (2021)
- "Nepal forest fire management chapter (resilient communities and nation towards wildfire disaster)" (2024)[URL]
- "Forest Act, 2019 (2076)" (2019)[URL]
- Oris F, "Effect of increased fire activity on global warming in the boreal forest", Environ Rev, 22, pp.206~219 (2014)
- Pandey HP, "Status and practical implications of forest fire management in Nepal", J For Livelihood, 21, pp.31~45 (2022)
- Parajuli A, "Spatial and temporal distribution of forest fires in Nepal", Xiv World forestry congress (2015)
- Parajuli A, "A strategy for involving community forest managers in effective forest fire management in Nepal", Banko Janakari, 32, pp.41~51 (2022)
- Parajuli A, "Forest fire risk mapping using GIS and remote sensing in two major landscapes of Nepal", Geomat Nat Hazards Risk, 11, pp.2569~2586 (2020)
- Parajuli A, "Areas of the Terai arc landscape in Nepal at risk of forest fire identified by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process", Environ Dev, 45, pp.100810~ (2023)
- Paudel G, "Integration of forest and climate change policies in Nepal", J For Nat Res Manag, 1, pp.1~13 (2019)
- Ranabhat S, "Forest fire risk assessment and proposal for fire stations in different geographical regions of central Nepal", J For Livelihood, 21, pp.46~59 (2022)
- Reddy CS, "Identification and characterization of spatio-temporal hotspots of forest fires in South Asia", Environ Monit Assess, 191, pp.1~17 (2019)
- Reddy CS, "Characterizing vegetation fire dynamics in Myanmar and South Asian Countries", J Indian Soc Remote Sens, 48, pp.1829~1843 (2020)
- Sati VP, "Forests of Uttarakhand : diversity, distribution, use pattern and connservation", ENVIS Bull Himal Ecol, 26, pp.21~28 (2018)
- Sharma S, "Challenges in forest fire management in the Himalaya : experiences from Nepal", Tropical For, 61, pp.137~143 (2022)
- Sibanda C, "Modelling forest fire behaviour and mapping carbon emission in the Ludikhola watershed, Gorkha district, Nepal", 32nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, ACRS 2011 (2011)
- Singh B, "Wildfire risk zonation of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal", J Inst For Nepal, 17, pp.155~173 (2020)
- Somlai IG, "Forest governance in Nepal : rationale for centralised forest and wildfire management", J Manag Dev Stud, 28, pp.16~35 (2018)
- Subedi PB, "Forest fire risk zone mapping of Aalital Rural Municipality, Dadeldhura District, Nepal", J Multidiscip Appl Nat Sci, 2, pp.6~17 (2022)
- Thapa S, "Earth observation science and applications for risk reduction and enhanced resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya Region : a decade of experience from SERVIR", pp.147~167 (2021), Springer
- Tiwari S, "Unravelling the local dynamics of increasing fires in community forests of mid-hills of Nepal", J For Livelihood, 21, pp.60~71 (2022)
- Varela V, "Projection of forest fire danger due to climate change in the French Mediterranean region", Sustainability, 11, pp.4284~ (2019)
- Venugopal V, "Image processing based forest fire detection", Int J Adv Res Sci Eng Technol, 2, pp.87~95 (2012)
- Wang SW, "A review of forest fire and policy response for resilient adaptation under changing climate in the Eastern Himalayan region", For Sci Technol, 17, pp.180~188 (2021)
- Zhang Y, "Forest ecosystem service functions and their associations with landscape patterns in Renqiu City", PLoS ONE, 17, pp.e0265015~ (2022)