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과학기술 ODA에 대한 탐색적 연구: 개념 변화와 국제 지형

Science and Technology ODA: Concepts and International Landscape

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초록

이 연구는 과학기술 ODA의 위상과 역할이 주목받고 있음에도 불구하고 과학기술 ODA를 이론적으로 천착한 연구가 부족하다는 문제의식으로부터 출발한다. 과학기술 분야 원조는 과학기술 ODA의 특수성을 밝힘으로써 독립적인 연구주제로 다루어져야 함과 동시에 기존 원조 논의의 틀 내에서 이해될 필요가 있다. 과학기술 ODA의 이론적 토대를 마련하기 위해 역사적·개념적·계량적 접근을 시도하여 과학기술 ODA의 개념 변화와 국제 지형을 탐색적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음 두 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 과학기술 ODA의 현대적인 의미를 파악하기 위해서는 기술원조, ODA, 과학기술 ODA의 흐름과 상호 관계에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 1950년대 이후 정치적 목적으로 등장했던 기술원조는 외연을 확장해 전체 ODA의 효시가 되었으나 개발협력에서 과학기술의 기능적 측면이 강조되면서 국제원조규범에 순응하는 방식으로 새로운 개념의 과학기술 ODA로 변화했다. 둘째, 과학기술 ODA는 전체 ODA와 구별되는 특수성을 갖는다. DAC 국가들 중 호주, 캐나다, 한국 등이 과학기술 ODA 상위 공여국으로 나타났다. 이들은 기존의 원조 이론에서 설명되지 않던 국가들로서 원조의 국제정치학적 의미를 고려할 때 전략적인 과학기술 ODA를 수행하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 이는 과거 하드파워를 추구했던 정치적 목적과 달리 공공외교의 영역을 넓히고자 하는 중견국 외교의 방안으로 이해된다.

Abstract

This study explores the concept and international landscape of science and technology ODA. In order for theoretical research of science and technology ODA, the process of its conceptual establishment in historical context and global landscape based on quantitative date should be analyzed. The results of this study are summarized in the following two. First, Technical Assistance(TA), which emerged for political purposes since the 1950s, triggered international aid activities and expanded its appearance to the extent that it would be used as synonyms for ODA. Then as functional aspect of science and technology have been emphasized in development cooperation, it has changed to a new concept of science and technology ODA by adapting to international aid norms. Thus it is necessary to understand the flow and interrelationship of Technical Assistance, ODA, and science and technology ODA. The modern science and technology ODA emphasizes the expertise of science and technology as it was intended in the early stages of TA, but the political bias of TA is excluded. Second, the national science and technology ODA revealed the differences from the overall ODA. DAC countries show different patterns for the overall ODA and science and technology ODA, and it identified countries that were relatively focused on science and technology ODA. Australia, Canada, Korea, Iceland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Britain, and France were found to have relatively high levels of science and technology ODA support. Considering the international political meaning of aid, the top donor countries of science and technology ODA seem to be strategically carrying out science and technology ODA, which is increasing the explanatory power of countries’ aid actions in the existing aid discussions.

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