Wildlife as Potential Vectors of African Swine Fever Virus
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains contagious for a long time, not only in the carcass, but also in the bone marrow of an infected animal. The scavenging activity of various animals on ASFV-infected carcasses is a likelyrisk factor for ASFV transmission. Thus, we conducted this study to determine whether scavengers are potential vectors for ASFV. In nonprotected wild boar carcasses on the forest floor, we investigated the seasonal patterns of carcassdecomposition and scavenger visits for feeding on them. The duration from fresh to early skeletonization (only bones and leather remaining) of adult carcasses was 37.6±23.1 days (n=3, range=11-51 days) in winter. The duration fromfresh to later skeletonization (only bones and some fur remaining) of all carcasses, including subadult carcasses, was 8.3±2.5 days (n=4, range=7-12 days) in summer. At all three study sites, leopard cats (30.3%), large-billed crows (21.6%),and golden eagles (18.1%) were the frequently visiting species, representing more than 10% of the total visits (343 visits) in winter, whereas raccoons (21.9%), grey-backed thrushes (39.4%), and eyebrowed thrushes (14.7%) were themost frequent visitors in summer. In winter, crows or cinereous vultures were the first animals to arrive at a carcass; in summer, raccoons or crows arrived first. Our results showed that wild boars, raccoons, and leopard cats relativelyfrequently visited wild boar carcasses and stayed there for a long time. Wild rodents chewing on or staying near carcasses were photographed during winter. In addition to wild boars, thus, mammals, such as raccoons, leopard cats and rodents, and birds, such as accipitrids and thrushes, may be spreaders of ASFV in South Korea.
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains contagious for a long time, not only in the carcass, but also in the bone marrow of an infected animal. The scavenging activity of various animals on ASFV-infected carcasses is a likelyrisk factor for ASFV transmission. Thus, we conducted this study to determine whether scavengers are potential vectors for ASFV. In nonprotected wild boar carcasses on the forest floor, we investigated the seasonal patterns of carcassdecomposition and scavenger visits for feeding on them. The duration from fresh to early skeletonization (only bones and leather remaining) of adult carcasses was 37.6±23.1 days (n=3, range=11-51 days) in winter. The duration fromfresh to later skeletonization (only bones and some fur remaining) of all carcasses, including subadult carcasses, was 8.3±2.5 days (n=4, range=7-12 days) in summer. At all three study sites, leopard cats (30.3%), large-billed crows (21.6%),and golden eagles (18.1%) were the frequently visiting species, representing more than 10% of the total visits (343 visits) in winter, whereas raccoons (21.9%), grey-backed thrushes (39.4%), and eyebrowed thrushes (14.7%) were themost frequent visitors in summer. In winter, crows or cinereous vultures were the first animals to arrive at a carcass; in summer, raccoons or crows arrived first. Our results showed that wild boars, raccoons, and leopard cats relativelyfrequently visited wild boar carcasses and stayed there for a long time. Wild rodents chewing on or staying near carcasses were photographed during winter. In addition to wild boars, thus, mammals, such as raccoons, leopard cats and rodents, and birds, such as accipitrids and thrushes, may be spreaders of ASFV in South Korea.
참고문헌 (25)
- "Disclosure of Information on African Swine Fever (ASF) Outbreaks in 2019 (1st to 14th rounds), and African Swine Fever (ASF)Outbreaks in 2020 (15th to 16th rounds)" (2021)[URL]
- Brooks JW, "Postmortem Changes in Animal Carcasses and Estimation of the Postmortem Interval", Vet Pathol, 53, pp.929~940 (2016)
- Carrasco-Garcia R, "Consumption of Big Game Remains by Scavengers: A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission in Central Spain", Front Vet Sci, 5, pp.4~ (2018)
- Carter DO, "Moisture can be the dominant environmental parameter governing cadaver decomposition in soil", Forensic Sci Int, 200, pp.60~66 (2010)
- "African Swine Fever" (2015)[URL]
- European Food Safety Authority, "Evaluation of possible mitigation measures to prevent introduction and spread of African swine fever virus through wild boar", EFSA J, 12, pp.3616~ (2014)
- European Food Safety Authority(EFSA), "Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union (September 2019 to August 2020)", EFSA J, 19, pp.e06572~ (2020)
- Jones AL, "Animal scavengers as agents of decomposition:the postmortem succession of Louisiana wildlife", MS, pp.2011
- Keough N, "Scoring of Decomposition:A Proposed Amendment to the Method When Using a Pig Model for Human Studies", J Forensic Sci, 62, pp.986~993 (2017)
- 이성민, "혼효림에서의 멧돼지(Sus scrofa) 비빔목 선택과 생태적 역할", 한국산림과학회지, 103(3), pp.510~518 (2014), 한국산림과학회[DOI]
- Matuszewski S, "Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses", Int J Legal Med, 128, pp.1039~1048 (2014)
- Meyer J, "Seasonal variation of carcass decomposition and gravesoil chemistry in a cold (Dfa)climate", J Forensic Sci, 58, pp.1175~1182 (2013)
- Myburgh J, "Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) using accumulated degree-days (ADD) in a temperate region of South Africa", Forensic Sci Int, 229, pp.165.e1~165.e6 (2013)
- Parsons HR, "The postmortem interval: a systematic study of pig decomposition in West Central Montana", MS, pp.2009
- Probst C, "Estimating the Postmortem Interval of Wild Boar Carcasses", Vet Sci, 7, pp.6~ (2020)
- Probst C, "The potential role of scavengers in spreading African swine fever among wild boar", Sci Rep, 9, pp.11450~ (2019)
- Probst C, "Behaviour of free ranging wild boar towards their dead fellows:potential implications for the transmission of African swine fever", R Soc Open Sci, 4, pp.170054~ (2017)
- "Scientific Reviews on Classical Swine Fever (CSF), African Swine Fever (ASF) and African Horse Sickness (AHS), and Evaluation of the Distribution of Arthropod Vectors and their Potential for Transmitting Exotic or Emerging Vector-Borne Animal Diseases and Zoonoses" (2009)[URL]
- Schultz JJ, "Avian Scavenging of Small-Sized Pig Carcasses in Central Florida: Utilizing GIS to Analyze Site Variables Affecting Skeletal Dispersal", J Forensic Sci, 63, pp.1021~1032 (2018)
- Simmons T, "Debugging decomposition data--comparative taphonomic studies and the influence of insects and carcass size on decomposition rate", J Forensic Sci, 55, pp.8~13 (2010)
- Spradley MK, "Spatial patterning of vulture scavenged human remains", Forensic Sci Int, 219, pp.57~63 (2012)
- Süld K, "Home ranges of raccoon dogs in managed and natural areas", PLoS One, 12, pp.e0171805~ (2017)
- Sutherland A, "The effect of body size on the rate of decomposition in a temperate region of South Africa", Forensic Sci Int, 231, pp.257~262 (2013)
- Won BH, "Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea v. 7: Mammals" (1967), Mungyobu
- Yoon MH, "The Mammals of Korea" (2002), Dongbang Media